Copper has earned its place of honor in related fields of architecture, building construction, and interior design. From the cathedral to the castle and from house to office, copper is used for various architectural elements, including roofs, flashlights, gutters, downspouts, domes, towers, domes, cladding walls, and building expansion joints.
The history of copper in architecture can be attributed to durability, corrosion resistance, prestigious appearance, and the ability to form complex shapes. For centuries, artisans and designers used these attributes to build aesthetic and durable building systems.
Over the past quarter-century, copper has been designed into a variety of buildings, combining new styles, color variations, and different shapes and textures. Copper clad walls are a modern design element in indoor and outdoor environments.
Some of the most prominent modern architects in the world rely on copper. Examples include Frank Lloyd Wright, which lists copper materials in all of its building projects; Michael Graves, an AIA Gold Medalist who designs more than 350 buildings around the world; Renzo Piano, who designed copper clad in pre-patina for the NEMO-Metropolis Museum of Science in Amsterdam; Malcolm Holzman, made of patented copper shingle at WCCO Television Communications Center, makes this facility an architectural advantage in Minneaoplis; and Marianne DahlbÃÆ'¤ck and GÃÆ'¶ran MÃÆ' Â¥ nsson, who designed the Vasa Museum, a prominent feature of Stockholm's skyline, with a 12,000-square-meter copper cover. The huge statue of the architect of Frank O. Gehry made of copper over the Vila Olimpica in Barcelona is an example of the artistic use of copper.
The most famous copper property is its screen from a bright metallic color to light brown to black approaching and eventually becoming a verdigris greenish patina. Architects describe the arrangement of chocolate as russet, chocolate, plum, mahogany, and ebony. This typical metal green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers.
This article explains the practical and aesthetic benefits of copper in architecture as well as its use in exterior applications, interior design elements, and green buildings.
Video Copper in architecture
History
Copper has played a role in architecture for thousands of years. For example, in ancient Egypt, the great doors to the Amen-Re temple in Karnak were covered with copper. In the 3rd century BC, a copper shingle roof was installed over the Temple of Lowa Maha Paya in Sri Lanka. And the Romans used copper as a roof cover for the Pantheon in 27 BC.
Centuries later, the copper and its alloys were separated in medieval architecture. The doors of the Nativity Church in Bethlehem (6th century) are covered with bronze plates, cut in patterns. Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, from the 8th and 9th centuries, is made of bronze. The bronze doors at Aachen Cathedral in Germany date back to about 800 A.D. The bronze baptismal door at Florence Cathedral was completed in 1423 by Ghiberti.
Hildesheim Cathedral copper roof, which was installed in 1280 AD, survives to this day. And the roof at Kronborg, one of the most important Renaissance castles in northern Europe captured as Elsinore Castle in Shakespeare, was installed in 1585 A. The copper in the tower was renovated in 2009.
Over the years, copper is reserved primarily for public institutions, such as churches, government buildings, and universities. Copper roof is often one of the most prominent architectural features of this structure.
Today, architectural copper is used in roofing systems, flashes and copings, rain gullies and downspouts, building expansion joints, cladding walls, domes, towers, domes, and various other design elements. At the same time, the metal has evolved from weather barriers and exterior design elements into an indoor building environment where it changes the way interior and interior dwellings are decorated.
In the 21st century, the use of copper continues to grow in the indoor environment. The recently proven antimicrobial properties reduce the burden of pathogenic bacteria in products such as handrails, bedrails, bathroom fixtures, counter tops, etc. These antimicrobial copper-based products are now incorporated into public facilities (hospitals, nursing homes, mass transport facilities) as well. as in residential buildings because of the public health benefits. (For the main article, see: The antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surface.)
Maps Copper in architecture
Benefits
Corrosion resistance
As an architectural metal, copper provides excellent corrosion resistance. The copper surface forms a strong oxide-sulfate patina layer that protects the underlying copper surfaces and retains corrosion for a very long time.
Copper correlates at a negligible level in polluted air, water, de-aerated non-oxidizing acids, and when exposed to saline, alkaline, and organic chemicals. Copper roofs in the rustic atmosphere corroded at a rate of less than 0.4 mm in 200 years.
Unlike most other metals, copper does not suffer from corrosion below which can cause premature failure on the roof. With copper roofs, substrate and support structures usually fail long before copper is on the roof.
Copper architecture, however, is susceptible to corrosive attacks under certain conditions. Oxidizing acids, oxidizing heavy metal salts, alkali, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and some sulfur and ammonium compounds can accelerate copper corrosion. Rainfall in an area with a pH less than 5.5 can lead to corrosion of copper, possibly before patina or protective oxide films have time to form. Acid rain, known as acid rain, is due to emissions from burning fossil fuels, chemical manufacturing, or other processes that release sulfur and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. Corrosion Erosion can occur when acid water from non-copper roofs that do not neutralize acidity, such as tiles, slate, wood, or asphalt, falls on a small area of ​​copper. Line corrosion may occur if the drip tip of the inert roof material is directly attached to the copper. The solution to this is to raise the bottom edge of the shingle with a cant strip, or to provide a replaceable reinforcing strip between shingles and copper. The exact design and detail of water shading, which reduces acid residence time on metal surfaces, can prevent most atmospheric corrosion problems.
Brass, copper and zinc alloys, have good resistance to atmospheric corrosion, alkali, and organic acids. In some potable water and in seawater, however, a brass alloy with 20% zinc is more likely to experience corrosive attacks.
Durability/long life
Copper roof is very durable in most environments. They have performed well for over 700 years, mainly because of the protective patina that forms on the surface of the copper. Tests performed on an 18th century copper roof in Europe show that, in theory, they can last for a thousand years.
Low heat movement
Properly designed copper roof minimizes movement due to thermal changes. Low copper thermal expansion, 40% less than zinc and lead, helps prevent damage and failure. Also, high melting point of copper ensures that it will not creep or stretch as some other metals do.
On a small roof saddle roof, the thermal movement is relatively small and usually does not matter. In wide spans building above 60 meters and when long panels are used, allowance for thermal expansion may be required. This allows the roof to "float" on top of supporting substructures while remaining secure.
Low maintenance
Copper does not require cleaning or maintenance. This is perfect for difficult or dangerous areas to access after installation.
Lightweight
When used as a fully supported roof cover, copper is half the weight (including the substrate) of lead and only a quarter of the tile roof. This usually provides savings in support of material structures and costs. Copper cladding offers additional opportunities to reduce the weight of copper structure (For more details, see: Copper cladding and Wall cladding).
Ventilation
Copper does not require complex ventilation steps. It is suitable for well-ventilated 'cold' roof construction and 'cold' ventilation.
Radio frequency protection
Sensitive electronic equipment is vulnerable to unauthorized interference and control. These products also require high voltage protection. A radio frequency shield (RF) can overcome this problem by reducing the transmission of electric or magnetic fields from one space to another.
Copper is an excellent material for RF shielding because it absorbs radio and magnetic waves. Another useful feature for RF shielding is that copper has high electrical conductivity, is tenacious, easily shaped, and solder easily.
The RF protective enclosure filters various frequencies for certain conditions. Well-designed and built copper enclosures meet most of the RF shielding needs, from computer and electrical switching rooms to CAT-scan hospitals and MRI facilities. Special attention needs to be paid attention to the potential penetration of shields, such as doors, ventilation, and cables.
Shields can be effective against one type of electromagnetic field but not against another. For example, a copper foil or RF shield display will be minimally effective against a magnetic field power frequency. An electric frequency magnet shield can offer a slight reduction in the radio frequency field. The same goes for different RF frequencies. A simple large mesh screen protector works well for lower frequencies, but can be ineffective for microwaves.
Copper sheets for RF shields can be shaped into shapes and sizes basically. The electrical connection to the earthing system provides an effective RF enclosure.
Lightning protection
Lightning strike protection minimizes damage to buildings during lightning stops. This is usually achieved by providing some low power impedance interconnect lines to the ground.
Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in the protection of lightning housing, but in industrial, corrosive chemical environments, copper may need to be coated in tin. Copper effectively facilitates the transmission of lightning energy to the ground due to its excellent electrical conductivity. Also, the curve is easy compared to other conductor materials.
When copper roofs, gutters, and rain leaders are electrically bonded with earth termination facilities, a low-ground electrical impedance path is provided, but without a special conduction path for centralizing the outlet, the dispersed surface may not be the most desirable..
Because copper has higher electrical conductivity than aluminum and impedance during less lightning stoppages, copper allows for the use of less cross-sectional area per linear length, in its wire mesh lines than aluminum. Also, aluminum can not be used in poured concrete or for any component underground due to its galvanic nature.
To be effective, lightning protection systems generally maximize the contact of the surface area between the conductor and the earth through the grid of the soil with various designs. To complement the grounding grids on low-conductivity soils, such as sand or rock, long hollow copper tubes filled with metallic salts are available. These salts pass through the hole in the tube, making the surrounding soil more conductive and increasing the overall surface area which decreases effective resistance.
Copper roofs can be used as part of a lightning protection scheme in which copper skin, gutter and rainwater pipe can be connected and bonded to the earth termination facility. The copper thickness specified for roofing material is usually sufficient for lightning protection. Special lightning protection systems can be recommended for adequate lightning protection with installed copper roofing systems. The system will include air terminals and intercepting conductors on the roof, ground electrode systems, and down-conductor systems that connect roof and ground components. It is recommended that the copper roof be attached to the conductor system. The bond ensures that the conductor and the roof remain at the equipotential and reduce the flicker side and the possibility of roof damage.
Diverse finish
It is sometimes desirable to chemically alter the surface of copper or copper alloys to create different colors. The most commonly produced colors are brown finishes or sculptures for brass or bronze and green or patina finish for copper. Mechanical surface treatments, chemical dyes, and coatings are described elsewhere in this article at: Completed.
Designing continuity
Architects often look to copper architecture for continuity in design elements. For example, copper roof systems can be designed with copper flash, weathering, ventilation, gutters, and downpipes. The cover details may include cornices, molding, finials and sculptures.
With the increasing use of vertical cladding, vertical surfaces and roofs can meet each other so that the complete continuity of materials and performance is maintained. Rain screens and wall curtains (often associated with transoms and mullions) are also gaining popularity in modern architectural designs.
Antimicrobial
Extensive testing worldwide has proven that uncoated copper and copper alloys (eg, brass, bronze, copper nickel, copper-nickel-zinc) have strong intrinsic antimicrobial properties with properties against various bacteria, fungi, fungi and viruses who are resistant to the disease. After years of testing, the US approved the registration of more than 300 copper alloys (copper, brass, bronze, copper-nickel, and nickel-silver) as an antimicrobial material. This development creates a market for copper and copper alloy antimicrobials in interior architecture. To meet the design requirements for building surfaces, structures, fixtures, and components, antimicrobial copper-based products are available in a variety of colors, finishes, and mechanical properties. Copper handrails, counter tops, hallways, doors, push plates, kitchens, and bathrooms are some approved antimicrobial products for hospitals, airports, offices, schools, and army barracks to kill harmful bacteria. View: list of approved products in the US.
Sustainability
While the universally accepted definition of sustainability remains elusive, the UN Brundtland Commission defines sustainable development as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability, the maintenance of long-term responsibilities, requires environmental reconciliation, social justice and economic demands. These "three pillars" of sustainability include responsible resource management. Also, it could mean that we can use resources that will not cease to be abundant despite increasing intake.
Copper is a sustainable material. Its durability offers long service with little care. The efficiency of electrical energy and its high heat reduces the waste of electrical energy. Its antimicrobial properties destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. And high scrap grades and the ability to continue to be recycled without loss of performance ensure responsible management as a valuable resource.
Life cycle inventory information (LCI) on copper tubes, sheets, and wire products, using ISO standards and covers mining and primary copper production sector (ie, smelting and refining) is available. Used in lifecycle assessment (LCA), particularly in building and construction sectors, the LCI dataset assists producers of copper-containing products with compliance and voluntary improvement initiatives. They also support policy makers in the development of environmental guidelines and regulations with a view to promoting sustainable development.
The long lifetime of copper roofing and cladding has a significant positive effect on the overall assessment of copper life compared to other materials in terms of energy consumption contained (ie, the total energy consumed during each phase of each life cycle in MJ/m 2 ), CO 2 generation, and cost.
Recycling
Recycling is a key factor of sustainable materials. This reduces the need to mine new resources and requires less energy than mining. Copper and its alloys are almost 100% recyclable and can be recycled without reducing quality (ie, the copper does not degrade (ie, cycle) after each loop recycle as most non-metallic materials do, if they can be recycled at all). Copper retains many of its major metal grades: premium grade scraps typically contain at least 95% of the primary metal value of newly mined ore. The value of scrap for competing materials ranges from about 60% to 0%. And copper recycling requires only about 20% of the energy required to extract and process primary metals.
Currently, about 40% of annual copper demand in Europe and about 55% of copper used in architecture come from recycled sources. New copper coils and sheets often have 75% -100% recycled content.
In 1985, more copper was recycled than the total amount of copper consumed in 1950. This was due to the relative ease of reusing the processing waste and saving copper from the product after its useful life.
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Cost-effectiveness
Performance, maintenance, lifetime, and recovery costs of recycling are the factors that determine the cost-effectiveness of building components. While the initial cost of copper is higher than some other architectural metals, it usually does not need to be replaced during the life of the building. Due to its durability, low maintenance, and final residual value, additional costs for copper may not be significant during the life of the roof system.
Copper roof is much cheaper than clay plates, slate, or handmade. The cost is proportional to zinc, stainless steel, aluminum and even some clay and concrete tiles when considering the overall roof cost (including structure).
Some studies have shown that copper is a more cost-effective material on a life-cycle basis than any other roofing material with a life span of 30 years or more. A European study comparing the cost of copper roofs with other metals, concrete and clay tiles, slate, and bitumen found that in the medium to long term (for ages 60 to 80 years and over 100 years), copper and stainless steel materials the most effective roof of all materials examined.
Installation techniques such as prefabricated, in-situ engine manufacturing, mechanical coating, and long strip systems help reduce the cost of mounting copper roofing. By lowering installation costs, these techniques allow designers to define copper into a wider type of building, not just the big, prestigious projects that were common in the past.
Since copper scrap retains many of its key values, the life-cycle cost of copper decreases when taking into account residual values. For more information, see the Recycling section in this article.
Pure copper vs. alloy
Pure copper. Unlike other metals, copper is often used in pure form (99.9% Cu) without coating for sheet and strip applications on the roof, exterior coating, and flash.
Tempering is a heat treatment technique used to improve metal toughness. Anger determines the ductility of the metal, and therefore how well it shapes and will retain its shape without additional support. In the US, copper is available in six tempering: 060 soft, 1/8 hard cold rolled, 1/4 cold rolled high yield, half hard, three quarters hard, and hard. In England, there are only three titles: soft, half hard, and hard. The copper and alloys are defined in the US in the Standards of Designation for Copper and Copper Alloys by ASTM; in Europe by BS EN 1172: 1997 - 'Copper and Copper Alloys in Europe'; and in the UK by the English Practice Standard Code CP143: Part12: 1970.
The cold rolled copper temperature is by far the most popular in building construction in the US. It is less soft than soft copper but much stronger. Cold rolled 1/8-hard tempered copper is often recommended for roof and flash installation. Roof sheets with higher temperatures can be specified for specific applications.
The soft tempered copper is very easily shaped and offers much lower resistance than cold rolled copper to the pressure caused by expansion and contraction. It is used for elaborate ornamental work and where extreme shapers are needed, as in complicated conditions through walls.
The main use for high-yield copper is blinking products, where flexibility and strength are both important.
The thickness of the sheet and the copper strip are measured by the weight in ounces per square foot. The thickness commonly used in construction in the US is between 12 ounces and 48 ounces. Because industries often use the actual gauge or thickness for sheet metal or other building materials, it is necessary to convert between different measurement systems.
In Europe, phosphorus oxide non-arsenic phosphorus is used as C106. Copper is milled to a thickness ranging between 0.5 and 1.0 millimeters (1.5-3.3 millimeters for a wall curtain) but a thickness of 0.6 to 0.7 millimeters is usually used for the roof.
Copper alloy. Copper alloys, such as brass and bronze, are also used in residential and commercial building structures. The color variation comes primarily from differences in chemical composition of alloys.
Some of the more popular copper alloys and associated Unified Numbering System (UNS) numbers developed by ASTM and SAE are as follows:
In practice, the term 'bronze' can be used for various copper alloys with little or no lead if they resemble true colored bronzes.
More information on architectural copper alloys is available.
Selection criteria
Criteria where copper and copper alloys are selected for architectural projects include color, strength, hardness, fatigue and corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal conductivity, and ease of fabrication. The exact thickness and temperament for a specific application is critical; substitution can lead to inadequate performance.
Copper architecture is commonly used in sheets and strips. The strips are 24-inch wide or less, while the sheet is more than 24-inches wide, up to 48-inches wide by 96- or 120-inch length, plus in the form of coils.
Structural considerations
Structural considerations play an important role in the design of appropriate copper applications. The main concern is about the thermal effects: movements and pressures associated with temperature variations. Thermal effects can be accommodated by preventing motion and withstanding cumulative pressure or by allowing movement at predetermined locations, thereby eliminating the anticipated thermal stress.
Wind resistance is an important structural consideration. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) performs a series of tests on a copper roof system. Copper-roofed roof with 10-foot x 10-foot test panel is subjected to UL 580, Uplift Resistivity Test Protocol. Copper systems do not exhibit unusual deformations, cleats are not detached from the structural deck, and the system passes the UL 580 requirements. The UL-90 designation is given.
Join
Copper and its alloys are easily coupled with mechanical techniques, such as crimping, staking, riveting, and running; or by bonding techniques, such as soldering, brazing and welding. The selection of best incorporation techniques is determined by the terms of service, joint configuration, component thickness, and alloy composition.
Solder is the preferred method of incorporation where a strong waterproof connection is required, such as for internal gutters, roofs, and flashing applications. A soldered coat joins two copper into a cohesive unit that expands and contracts as one part. Good soldering solders are often stronger than the original base material and provide many services over the years.
Mechanical fasteners, such as screws, bolts, and rivets, are often used to strengthen connections and connections. Continuous, long folding operations can cause stress fractures and should therefore be avoided. Common lead-tin solder 50-50 is often used for uncoated copper; 60-40 lead tin solder is used for lead-coated copper. Many lead-free solder can also be received.
Adhesives can be used in certain applications. A relatively thin sheet mixture may be bonded to a particular plywood or type of foam acting as rigid insulation.
Sawing is the preferred method for combining copper alloys tubes and tubes. Copper metal parts join a non-ferrous filler with a melting point above 800 degrees Fahrenheit but below the melting point of the base metal. A blind or hidden joint is recommended because the color matching of the silver filler material is fair for the poor.
Welding is a process whereby copper pieces are effectively melted, either by flame, electric, or high pressure. With the increasing availability of modern TIG welding equipment, welding of light-light copper decorating elements also gains acceptance.
Instructional videos are available on rejuvenation and soldering techniques; how to make a flat seam stitch connection, double seam, lap stitching, vertical brass seams, and stitches (including butterfly stitching); as well as tinning copper, bending, flaring, and brazing.
Sealants
Sealant is an alternative to solder where extra power is not needed. In many cases, sealants are not required with properly designed copper installations. They are at best a short-term solution that requires routine maintenance. Regardless, sealant-filled joints have been successfully used as a secondary waterproofing measure for standing seam applications and layers of roof batters where low-sloping roofs are less than three inches per foot. Sealants can also be used in joints that are primarily designed to accommodate thermal motion of copper.
The sealant used shall be tested by the manufacturer and designated as compatible for use with copper.
In general, butyl, polysulfide, polyurethane, and other inorganic or rubber sealants are sufficiently compatible with copper. Acrylic, neoprene, and active nitrile-based copper-based sealants. The silicone sealant is somewhat successful with copper but its suitability must be verified before application.
Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one rusted metal is better to the other when the two metals are in electrical contact with each other in the presence of electrolytes, such as moisture and salt. This is because different metals have different electrode potentials. The potential difference between the different metals is the driving force for the accelerated attack on metals with lower galvanic numbers (ie, anodes). Over time, the anode metal dissolves into the electrolyte.
Metals are ranked according to the galvanized figures as a qualitative measure of their nobility. These numbers qualify for corrosion resistance of any metal when in contact with other metals. A larger difference in the galvanizing amount between two metals touching each other indicates a greater potential for corrosion. The galvanic amount of the most commonly used metals in construction is ranked as follows: 1. aluminum; 2. zinc; 3. steel; 4. iron; 5. stainless steel - active; 6. tin; 7. lead; 8. copper; 9. stainless steel - passive.
Galvanic corrosion is a major concern with the maintenance of metal roofs. The marine environment provides additional attention due to higher salt concentrations in air and water.
Copper is one of the most noble metals. It will not be harmed by contact with other metals but will cause corrosion of some other metals if contacted directly. The major metals of concern for direct contact with copper are aluminum, steel, and zinc. Aluminum and flashing steel and galvanized steel fasteners should not be used with copper. Runoff from copper roofs of aluminum corrodes and steel gutters. There is no need to isolate copper from tin, tin or a lot of stainless steels in most circumstances.
When it is impossible to avoid contact, an effective method of material separation is required. If paint or coatings are used for isolation, they must be compatible with both metals. Bituminous or primary zinc chromate can be used between copper and aluminum. Bituminous, zinc chromate, or red lead primers can be effective in separating copper from ferrous and other ferrous metals. Recording or gasketing with non-absorbent materials or sealants is effective in separating copper from all other metals. In areas with severe exposure, lead or similar gasket materials should be used, except between copper and aluminum. The drainage of water from the surface of the copper should be prevented from exposure to aluminum and galvanized steel as traces of copper salts can accelerate corrosion. In some cases, anodizing can protect thick aluminum, such as mullion aluminum window systems.
natural Patina
Copper passes through a natural oxidation process that forms a unique protective patina on the metal. The metallic surface undergoes a series of discoloration: from the colored/pink salmon to the orange and red interspersed with yellowish yellow, blue, green and purple. When oxidation thickens, these colors are replaced by pale browns and brown, gray black or blunt slate, and eventually become bright green or blue-green.
Copper copy process is very complex. It begins immediately on environmental exposure with the initial formation of copper oxide conversion films seen within six months. Weathering may be uneven at first but the film becomes even after about nine months. In the first few years, copper and copper sulphide conversion films darken the surface into brown and then dark gray or dull black dull. Advanced weathering converts sulfide films into sulphate, which is a blue-green or green gray patina.
The degree of conversion of pathogens depends on the exposure of copper to moisture, salt, and acidity of the acid-forming pollutants. In marine climates, the patine process can take seven to nine years. In an industrial environment, the formation of patina reaches the final stage in about fifteen to twenty-five years. In a clean rural atmosphere with low concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air, the final stage may take ten to thirty years to develop. In a dry environment, patina can not be formed at all if moisture is not sufficient. Where patination occurs in arid environments, it can mature into black wood or chocolate nuts. In all environments except for coastal areas, patination takes longer for vertical surfaces due to faster water runoff.
Patina copper is very thin: the thickness is only 0.05080-0.07620 millimeters. However, they are very adherent to the underlying copper metal. The initial and intermediate patina and sulfide layers are not very resistant to corrosion. The last sulfate layer is a very durable layer that is highly resistant to all forms of atmospheric corrosion and protects the underlying metal against further weathering. As the patina progresses and the formation of a durable sulfate layer, the corrosion rate decreases, averaging between 0.0001-0.0003 millimeters per year. For thick 0.6 millimeter sheets, this is equivalent to corrosion of less than 5% over a 100 year period. More information is available about the copper patral.
Done
Copper and its alloys can be 'finished' to start a particular look, feel, and/or color. Completed including mechanical surface treatments, chemical dyes, and coatings. This is explained here.
Mechanical surface treatment. Several types of mechanical surface treatments exist. The finishing of the plant comes from normal production processes, such as rolling, extrusion, or casting. The "compacted" finish provides a brightly mirrored appearance after grinding, polishing, and buffing. "Directional textured" finishes giving a fine, smooth satin sheen in a continuous pattern of almost parallel fine scratches. "Non-directional textured matte" finishes reaching rough texture, especially on casting, because sand spray or metal shots are applied under high pressure. And "patterned" finish, made by pressing copper alloy sheet between two rolls, resulting in a textured and embossed look.
Patina chemically induced. Architects sometimes require specific patina colors during installation. The plant-triggered pre-patina- tion system can produce a variety of color-related solutions that are similar to natural ones. Copper pre-patina is very useful in repairs when there is a need to provide near-matching colors for old copper roofs. Pre-patination is also considered in some modern building materials, such as vertical cladding, sofit, and gutters where patination is desired but usually will not occur.
Metal metal coloring is an art that involves skill and experience. The dyeing technique depends on time, temperature, surface preparation, humidity and other variables. Pre-patina copper sheets are manufactured by fabricators under a controlled environment using a patented chemical process. The edges of green patina are mainly developed using hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. Treatment with ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac), cupric chloride/hydrochloric acid, and ammonium sulphate was somewhat successful. Finish sculptures can be produced in light, medium, and dark brown colors, depending on the concentration and number of coloring applications. One of the advantages is that the treatment disguises the surface markings on a bright late-copper plant and can advance a natural patral process.
Because of the many variables involved, chemically induced patina is susceptible to problems such as lack of adhesion, excessive staining of adjacent material, and inability to achieve reasonable color uniformity over a large surface area. Chemical patina applied in the field is not recommended due to variations in temperature, humidity, and chemical requirements. Warranties are wise when purchasing pre-patina copper for architectural projects.
Techniques and recipes are useful for dyeing copper, brass, yellow brass, bronze, bronze cast, gilding metal, along with various finishes of physical and chemical textures available.
Upholstery. Clear layers preserve the natural color, warmth and tone of metal from copper alloys. However, especially on exterior applications, they introduce maintenance into what is naturally a maintenance-free material. They are organic chemicals that dry at ambient temperatures or require heat for pickling or solvent evaporation. Examples of clear organic coatings include alkyd, acrylic, butylate cellulose acetate, epoxy, nitrocellulose, silicon, and urethane. More details are available.
Oils and waxes do not include moisture from the surface of the copper and simultaneously enhance their appearance by producing rich luster and color depth. Oiling is usually used to extend the residual time of copper exposed in brown to black tones. It will not make a sparkling copper on the exterior installation. Oil and candles offer short-term protection for exterior applications and long-term protection for interior applications.
Oiling more dominates for roof installation and lightning work. The most popular oils are Lemon Oil, US, Lemon Grass Oil, Native E.I., paraffin oil, linseed oil, and castor oil. On the roof or flashing of copper, occasional re-application every three years can effectively inhibit the formation of patina. In dry climates, the maximum range between packs can be extended to three to five years.
Waxing is generally reserved for architectural components subject to strict inspection and/or traffic. Mixtures that are considered satisfactory include Carnauba and turpentine wax, or beeswax and turpentine, or paste candles.
The opaque paint layer is used primarily for work applied over copper when substrate integrity and long life are desired but certain colors apart from the natural copper color are required.
Zinc-tin coatings are an alternative to lead coating because they have the same appearance and working ability.
Vitreous enamel coatings are used primarily for artwork on copper.
More details on copper settlement are available.
Apps
Craftsmen and designers take advantage of the inherent benefits of copper to build aesthetically sustainable building systems. From cathedral to palace and from house to office, copper is used in many products: low-sloping and oblique roofs, sofits, fascia, flashes, gutters, downspouts, building expansion joints, domes, towers, and safes. Copper is also used for clad walls and other surfaces in exterior and interior environments.
Roof
Copper offers unique character and durability as a roofing material. Its appearance can complement every style of building, from traditional to modern. Its warmth and beauty make it a desirable material for many architects. Copper also meets the demands of architects and building owners regarding the cost of lifetime, ease of fabrication, low maintenance, and environmentally friendly.
Installation of copper roof is a craft that requires experienced installers. Its tenacity and elasticity make it a compatible material to form on an irregular roof structure. It is easy to hammer or work in waterproof design without falling asleep or gaskets. The dome and other curved roof forms are ready to be handled with copper.
When properly designed and installed, the copper roof provides an economical long-term roofing solution. Testing on European copper roofs from the 18th century shows that, in theory, copper roofs could last a thousand years.
Another advantage of copper roofing systems is that they are relatively easy to repair. For small holes or gaps, the affected area can be cleaned and filled with solder. For larger areas, patches can be cut and soldered into place. For the main area, exposed copper may be cut and replaced using a flat sealed suture.
Copper roof can be designed to meet or exceed other materials in terms of energy savings. Copper roof assembly at Oak Ridge National Laboratories (USA) substantially reduces heat gain compared to rock-coated steel shingles (SR246E90) or asphalt shingle (SR093E89), resulting in lower energy costs.
Copper roof types include:
A standing roof consists of a preformed pan or in a field. The pan runs parallel to the slope of the roof and joins the pan adjacent to the locked double standing layer. Copper cleats locked into this layer securing the roof to the deck.
Batten's roof layer consists of a copper pan that runs parallel to the slope of the roof, separated by a log. Battens are covered with a loosely locked copper cap to a nearby pan to help secure the roof. Cleats attached to the battens secure the roof pan. A transverse layer is required to combine the tip of the pre-shaped pans.
Horizontal pleated roof, also called Bermuda style, consists of a copper pan where the long dimension runs horizontally on the roof, attached to the horizontal wooden nailers. A step is used on each nailer to allow adjacent pots to lock effectively. The height and distance of the steps allow for a different appearance.
The general design for roofing chevron is based on the construction of layers of battens added with additional bra. With the right design, the decorative batten can have almost any shape or size and run in all directions.
A sealed and soldering sealed roofing system is usually used on flat or low roofs. They are also used on curved surfaces such as domes and dome barrels.
Flat seams translucent copper roofs are shrew-like options for high-slope applications.
Mansard roof is used on vertical or almost vertical surfaces. For the most part, these roofs are based on standing seams or batten lining construction.
Long-pan system (pot and length of over 10-foot seams) accommodates cumulative expansion voltages over long ranges of copper sheets. This installation can be tricky because of the length of the roof pan versus the length of the seams, the cleat design and the distance, and the physical expansion characteristics of the copper sheets. This expansion must be accommodated by fixing the pan at one end (which accumulates expansion on the loose end) or by fixing the center of the pan (which accumulates half of the expansion on both free ends). In addition to panels, copper tile can add to the uniqueness of the roof system. They can be used on any roof shape and in all types of climate.
Blinking
While most modern construction materials are quite resistant to moisture penetration, many connections between masonry units, panels, and architectural features do not. The effects of natural movement due to settlement, expansion, and contraction may eventually lead to leakage.
Copper is an excellent material for flashing due to its flexibility, strength, solderability, workability, high resistance to the caustic effects of mortars and hostile environments, and long service life. This allows the roof to be built without a weak spot. Because flashing is expensive to replace if it fails, the long life of copper is a huge cost advantage.
Cold rolled 1/8 "hard-hardened copper is recommended for most flashing applications.This material offers more resistance than soft copper for expansion and contraction pressures.Clean copper can be determined where extreme shaper is required, as in the form of a complex roof Thermal movement on flashings is prevented or allowed only in predefined locations.
Incorrect flash fitting can increase line corrosion and shorten the flashing life of the valley, especially in acidic environments. The risks are most prevalent on the main edge of the shingles where the shingle edge lies in the blinking copper.
Through-wall flashing distracts moisture that has entered the wall before it can cause damage. Counterflashing diverts water to a flashing base, which, in turn, diverts it to another material.
Different types of copper flashings and copings exist. Explanation of diagram available.
Gutters and downspouts
Leaky sewers and downspouts can cause serious damage to the interior and exterior of the building. Copper is a good choice for ditches and downspouts because it makes a strong leak-proof connection. Gutters and downspouts made of copper are expected to last longer than other metal and plastic materials. Even in toxic-prone environments or in areas with acid rain or smog, copper gutters and downspouts can provide services 50 years or more.
Downspouts can be plain or wavy, round or rectangular. Cold rolled copper sixteen or twenty ounces are usually used. Decorative designs are also available.
Hanged copper droplets supported by bracket or brass or copper hanger, or with brass rope. The copper drainage lining is often built into a wood-framed supporting structure. Scupper is used to provide outlets through parapet or gravel walls that stop on flat roofs and are built to allow excessive drainage of water. They can be used in conjunction with gutters and downspouts to divert the flow of water to the desired location. Copper roof piles are generally used to dry a small roof area like a canopy. Roof drain duct is not recommended for general roof drainage system.
One of the weaknesses of copper is its tendency to dye brightly colored building materials, such as marble or limestone. Green coloration is highly visible on brightly colored surfaces. Copper-coated tin can produce black or gray stains that can blend well with lighter building materials. Staining can be reduced by collecting runoff in the gutter and directing it away from the building through downspouts or by designing the tip of the drip to help reduce the amount of water content containing copper in contact with the material below. Coating the adjacent surface of the porous material with the clear silicone sealant also reduces the coloration. Coloration can not develop in the run-off area quickly because of the short time the water is on the copper.
Domain, tower and vault
There are many types of copper domes, towers, and domes, either with simple geometries or complex curved surfaces and multi-faceted designs. Examples include a circular dome with a flat diagonal stitching system, a circular dome with a standing seam system, a round dome with a flat layer system, a cone tower, a flat layer roof on an octagonal tower, a standing standing iron dome, and a flat stitching iron dome. Information on steps for laying dome panels and specifications for copper construction is available.
Wall coating
Copper cladding has become popular in modern architecture. This technology allows architects to incorporate visually desirable features into their designs, such as embossed or metal-shaped coatings.
Cladding allows structures to be made with much less weight than solid copper. The four-millimeter thick composite weighs 2.08 pounds per square foot, only 35% as much as solid copper of the same thickness.
Copper cladding is used in building exterior and indoor environment. On the building's exterior, copper cladding sheets, shingles, and pre-fabricated panels protect the building from the elements, acting as the first line of defense against wind, dust, and water. Cladding is lightweight, durable, and corrosion resistant, which is very important for large buildings. Common interior applications include lobby walls, sofit, column facings, and interior walls of elevator cabins.
Copper cladding can be cut, directed, sawed, filed, drilled, screwed, welded, and curved to form complex shapes. A variety of touches and colors are available.
Flat, circular, and unusual walls can be covered with copper cladding. Most of the plane is formed from sheet material. They can also be pre-produced. In addition, engineering systems such as insulated panels, honeycomb panels are not isolated, copper display panels, and structural walls are available. The horizontal copper plates give a relatively flat appearance with fine horizontal lines. The tilted copper panel has depth for heavy shadow effect. Flat-sided has a minimal shadow. The structural panels are designed to be mounted directly into the wall structure without the use of a sustainable substrate. Flat panel diagonal panels are used on curved surfaces, such as domes, towers and domes. The horizontal flat panel lock is essentially identical to the flat layer roof applied to the vertical surface. Copper display panels are lightweight finish screens that can be perforated or have shaped openings functioning as either sun or decorative screens. Copper alloy curtain wall is the outer cover of non-structural building that prevents the weather. Copper composite coatings are made by attaching copper sheets to both sides of rigid thermoplastic sheets.
Several different copper facade cover systems are available:
Seaming Techniques. This is a classical vertical or horizontal cladding construction used in roof design and copper façade. Available in sheets and strips, cladding repaired with clips. Because waterproofness may not be a concern on vertical surfaces, the seam angle is often sufficient. Double lock standing seams are often unnecessary. Links to horozontal and vertical photographs stand and flat lock stitches at the University of Debrecen's Copper Gateway in Hungary and pre-oxidized copper clad facades sunning at the Crowne Plaza Hotel Milano, in Milan, Italy, are available.
Herpes system. Shingles are rectangular or rectangular flat tiles previously made for roofs, walls, and individual building components. They have 180 0 folds along four borders - two folds toward the external side and two to the internal side. Shingle interlocked during installation. Binding is hidden with stainless steel or copper clip on wooden tarpaulins or trapezoidal panels. Forms and folding machines ensure that shingles have uniform dimensions. Links to pictorial examples of copper shingles in exterior and interior environments are available.
Panel. The panels are pre-profiled copper sheets with lengths up to 4-5 meters and a standard width of up to 500 mm. They are two-sided coating elements that can be with or without the final foundation. Assembly is performed using the principle of tongue and groove or with overlap. Panels can be assembled vertically, horizontally, or diagonally. There are three basic forms: the tongue panel and the groove are placed vertically as a flat surface surface layer; the tongue and groove panels are placed horizontally as surface surface level surfaces; and special panels are placed in different directions with visible or masked fasteners, flat to surface or overlap. Links to photo representatives of gold and green patina panel are available.
System cassette. This is a rigid rectangular ventilated wall system consisting of a curved or flat metal panel mounted and secured to a support structure. The four borders are closed at the factory. The folded edges on each side allow large metal sheet pieces to lie down even with the cladding surface. Fix it usually by riveting, lulling, or by using angle brackets or bolt hooks to fix the tape directly to the substrate. Cassette systems are pre-profiled to meet specific architectural requirements. Links to representative photos of cladding tapes are available.
Profiled sheets. The profiled sheets are suitable for covering large unbroken fronts of the cladding due to their regular and unimpressive profile. Available in various forms, they are perfect for new flat roofs, façade and pitched roofs, and renovation work. Available profiles include: waveform profile of sinusoidal waves; trapezoidal profiles with various geometries; and special profiles with geometry and custom edges. They can be pre-manufactured and determined with emboss patterns or other designs.
Custom shape. Special-shaped faç§ades are available to provide the desired visual effect. Hollow metal sheets are available in various shapes (round, square, longitude, etc.) and settings (rectangles, diagonals, parallel widths, staggered, etc.). They can be designed to create subtle patterns, 'super graphics', and text. Mesh and textile structures are also available. Links to photos of special shaped buildings are available.
Build up expansion joint
Designing for movement of building components due to temperature, load, and settlement is an important part of architectural detail. Building an expansion connection provides barriers to the exterior and closes the space between components. Copper is an excellent material for expansion joints because it is easy to form and durable. Details about roofing conditions, roof edges, floors, are available.
Indoor design
Aesthetic copper improves interior wall systems, ceilings, fixtures, furniture, and hardware by evoking a warm, calm, and calm atmosphere. Regarding the performance advantage, it is lightweight, fireproof, durable, workable, and non-organic (not off-gas). Typical copper-based interiors include panels, shingles, screens, ornaments, fixtures, and other decorative enhancements.
Because copper surfaces kill pathogenic microbes, architects who design public facilities, such as hospitals and mass transit facilities, look to copper products as a public health benefit. In recent years, copper countertops, veils, sinks, doorknobs, doorknobs, taps, and decorative furniture have become trendy - both for their appearance and for their antimicrobial properties. (See main article: Copper-alloy antimicrobial touch surface).
Copper joins in an indoor environment with welded butt, solder, rivet, nail, screw, bolt, seam stand, lap stitch (with and without fasteners), flat layers, bolt flanges, splines, wipe flush, and folding battens.
Green building
Sustainable materials are key elements of a green building. Some of the benefits of sustainable materials include durability, long life, recycling, and energy as well as thermal efficiency. The copper rank is very high in all these categories.
Copper is one of the most efficient thermal and electrical conductors in nature, which helps conserve energy. Due to its high thermal conductivity, it is widely used in building heating systems, direct heat exchange pumps, and solar power and hot water equipment. Its high electrical conductivity improves lighting efficiency, electric motors, fans, and appliances, making building operations more cost-effective with less energy and environmental impact.
Because copper has a better thermal conductivity value than the usual façade and roofing materials, it is particularly suited to solar thermal façade systems. The first commercial application of the integrated solar thermal copper façade system is fully installed at the Pori Public Swimming Complex in Finland. Installation is an example of urban sustainability and reduction of carbon emissions. The solar foam works in conjunction with roof collectors and is equipped with roof-mounted photovoltaics that provide 120,000 kWh of heat, an amount of energy equivalent to that used every year by six average family homes in cold climate Finland.
One of the standards in the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership System in the Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) assessment system requires that newly constructed buildings include materials containing pre-and post-consumer recycled content. Most copper products used in construction (except electric materials that require very fine pure copper) contain a large percentage of recycled content. View: Copper in architecture # Recycling.
Awards
The award program highlights the installation of copper architecture in Canada and the US and in Europe. Copper and International House Competitions also exist. Judged by architectural experts and the copper industry, the criteria for the award program include copper in building design, copper craft installation, excellence in innovation, and historic renovation.
See also
- Architecture
- Building materials
- Ongoing architecture
- Green building
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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