Lexil Template for Reading is an educational tool that uses a size called Lexile to match readers with books, articles, and other tiered reading resources. Readers and books are rated on the Lexile scale, where lower scores reflect easier readings for the book and lower readability for the reader.
The Lexile framework uses quantitative methods, based on individual words and sentence lengths, rather than qualitative analysis of content to produce scores. Thus, scores for texts do not reflect factors such as different levels of meaning or theme maturity. Therefore, in the United States, the General State Standard recommends the use of alternative, qualitative methods, to select books for students in grades 6 and above.
In the US, Lexile measures are reported from reading programs and assessments each year. Thus, about half of US students in grades 3 to 12 receive Lexle measurements every year. In addition to use in schools in all 50 states, Lexile action is also used outside the United States.
Video Lexile
Komponen dari framework Lexile
The Lexile reading framework consists of Lexile reader steps and Lexile text steps, both placed on a Lexile scale.
Lexile scale
The Lexile scale runs from BR300 (Lexile) to the top of 2000L, although there is no explicit bottom or top to scale. A score of 0L and below is reported as BR (Initial Reader). These books or students can be encoded as Lexile: BR. In some cases, a student will receive a BR code followed by a number (for example Lexile: BR150L). The BR150L size indicates that the lexile size is 150 units below 0L.
Lexile measurements
Lexile size is defined as "a numerical representation of a person's reading ability or text readability (or difficulty), followed by" L "(Lexile)". There are two types of Lexile actions: Lexile reader measurements and Lexile text measurements. The size of a Lexile reader is usually obtained when a person completes a reading comprehension test. After field studies have been conducted to link the Lexile Framework to the test, individual reading scores can be reported as Lexile sizes.
For an individual, Lexil size is usually derived from an assessment of reading comprehension or program. These range from adolescent level (DIBELS: Dynamic indicator of basic initial literacy skills) to adult level (TABE: Adult basic education test). Lexile text size is obtained by evaluating the reading of a piece of text, such as a book or article. The Lexile Analyzer, a software program designed specifically for evaluating reading requests, analyzing text semantics (word frequency) and syntactic (sentence length) characteristics and establishing it as a Lexile size. Over 60,000 websites, 115,000 fiction and nonfiction books, and 80 million articles have Lexile sizes, and these numbers are growing. Over 150 publishers include Capstone Publishers, Discovery Ed, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, McGraw-Hill, Pearson PLC, Riverside Publishing, Scholastic Corporation, Simon & amp; Schuster, Workman Publishing Company, and World Book offer certified Lexile text steps for their material.
The creator claims that recording the Lexile text size can help in selecting "target" material that presents the right level of challenge for the reader - not too difficult to frustrate, but difficult enough to challenge the reader and encourage reading growth.
There is no direct correspondence between the specific Lexle size and the level of a particular class.
Tracking code
Some books get the Lexile code - a two-letter tag that appears before Lexile measurements - to provide more information about books related to its developmental eligibility, reading difficulties, and general or intended use. BR is the only code that can apply to readers and text.
Maps Lexile
History
The Lexile framework was developed by MetaMetrics A.J co-founder. Stenner and Malbert Smith III, PhD in 1989. Funding for developing a better reading and writing measurement system is provided by the National Institutes of Health through the Small Business Innovation Research grant program. During the 12-year period from 1984 to 1996, Stenner and Smith received a total of five grants for literacy measurement. The development of the Lexile framework is driven by conversations and comments from John B. Carroll (UNC-Chapel Hill) and Benjamin Wright (University of Chicago), and with mathematical and psychometric help from Donald S. Burdick, professor emeritus of Statistics, Duke University and Stenner founded Metrametrics in 1997.
Measurement ideas embedded within the Lexile framework can be found in two articles 1982-83 by Stenner and Smith,. when they participate in Head Start evaluations, compare programs from across countries that use different outcome measures.
Independent evaluation
In Mesmer's Tool for Matching Readers for Texts: Research-Based Practices , it states that the Lexile Framework for Reading is valid, reliable, and has "excellent psychometric properties."
Mesmer mentions Walpole, and specifies a study that uses Lexile to match 47 second-class readers to textbooks. The study found that Lexile was successful in matching students with texts with respect to reading accuracy (93%), but not to readers suitable for texts that they could read at an acceptable level: "Without support, either in the form of modeling fluency or repetitive reading -that, these texts would be too difficult for these students to read productively on their own. "
In 2002, the Lexile framework was evaluated by Dale Carlson. Independent consultants found that the Lexile framework has "a well-defined theoretical foundation." Both Carlson and Mesmer have commented on the positive and unique characteristics of having students and text on the same scale.
In 2001, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) officially reviewed Lexile's measures. The report recognizes the science behind Lexile's steps: "The panel confirms the value of both sentence length and word frequency as the overall size of semantic complexity and syntax...." Moreover, according to one panel member, the Lexile Framework appears "... in the developed psychometric treatment, the level of formal validation with the various populations of text, tests, and children, in automation, and in the developer's ongoing search to improve it. "However, the report also identifies a number of different problems and authors identify concerns, such as exclusion of factors such as reader's knowledge, motivation and interest: "The idea of ​​purpose in reading is excluded in the Lexile Framework This is a serious error because of the dramatic effect that can occur on reading."
Criticism
Stephen Krashen, an educational researcher in language acquisition and professor emeritus at the University of Southern California, raised serious concerns with Lexile's rating system in his article, "Lexus Framework: Not Necessary and Very Dangerous." Krashen argues that the reading difficulty assessment system limits children's choices and keeps them from reading books they may be interested in.
Furthermore, like most reading formulas, the formulas used to determine the level of Lexile books can often lead to incorrect judgments. For example, The Library Mouse , by Daniel Kirk, is a 32-page children's image book rated by Amazon.com as "for ages 4-8" and has a Lexile 830 score. However, Stephenie Meyer 498 pages, Twilight adult novels only collect the Lexile 720 score. Similarly, Beverly Cleary Ramona Quimby, Age 8 , has a Lexile 860 score, while Michael Crichton Jurassic Park only has a score of 710.
Elfrieda H. Hiebert, Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, notes in his study, "Interpreting Lexiles in an Online Context and with an Information Text", "The variability in every part of the text can be very broad In one chapter of Pride and Prejudice , for example, a 125-word text quote (the unit of assessment used to obtain a student Lexile level) drawn from every 1,000 words has Lexiles ranging from 670 to 1310, with an average of 952. The 640 range on LS [ Lexle scale] represents the range from third grade to college. "
Hiebert also showed that slight changes in punctuation, such as changing commas into periods, resulted in "significant reclassification on LS [Lexle scale].
Many very difficult readings, such as "Native Son" by Richard Wright, were rated with a very low Lexile score. "The Grapes of Wrath", written by John Steinbeck, still confuses today's readers and has a Lexile score of only 680L.
In addition to limiting children's reading options and misreading books, Lexile levels have a negative effect on the systemic level. When school and state districts begin to mandate specific reading programs, book publishers respond by manipulating texts to conform to the requirements of the reading formulas.
Furthermore, the Lexile framework weighed on valuable resource States and school districts. Although other reading formulas, such as Flesch-Kincaid used in Microsoft Word software, are widely used to establish the level and difficulty of reading, the Lexile scale is the primary method for establishing textual difficulties in American schools. However, unlike past legibility formulas, MetaMetrics, the creator of the Lexile framework, "maintains the process of legibility as an intellectual property, requiring educators and other clients to pay for their services to obtain a degree of readability." Mesmer lists fees using the Lexile inventory tool as one of the disadvantages of using the system.
Common core standards
The Lexile steps are cited in the US General State Standard for English Art to provide the appropriate level of text complexity and Lexile range. This range of classes and lexil is used to help determine at what level of text complexity students should read to help ensure students are prepared for the demands of reading in college and careers. However, it also notes that quantitative methods, including Lexile scores, often underestimate the challenges posed by complex narrative fictions that may use relatively simple prose. The core standard notes that until quantitative methods are able to take into account factors that might make the texts challenging, preferences should be given to qualitative measures of text complexity when evaluating narrative fictions aimed at students in grades 6 and over.
Sample books with Lexile size
More examples are available here.
Use
Over 40 assessments and reading programs report on Lexile measures, including many popular instruments from Scholastic, Pearson, CTB/McGraw-Hill and Riverside Publishing, as well as more year-end assessments.
Reading ratings reporting Lexile measurements
Country rating
- Arizona Instruments for Measuring Standards (AIMS)
- The California Standard of English Art Test
- The Comprehensive Assessment System of Delaware
- Florida Appraisal for Instruction in Reading (FAIR)
- Georgia Georgia Milestones and the Georgia High School Graduation Test (GM and GHSGT)
- Hawaii State Assessment
- Illinois Standard Achievement Test (ISAT)
- Assessment of the Kansas State Study
- The Kentucky Core Curriculum Test (KCCT)
- Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA)
- New Mexico Standard Based Assessment (SBA)
- North Carolina End-of-Grade and My End-of-Course English (NCEOG and NCEOC)
- The Oklahoma Core Curriculum Test (OCCT)
- Oregon Knowledge and Skills Assessment (OAK)
- South Carolina Palmetto's Assessment of State Standards (PASS)
- South Dakota Education Progress Test (DSTEP)
- Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) Achievement Test
- Assessment of Texas Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)
- Virginia Standards of Learning Tests (SOL)
- West Virginia WESTEST 2
- Assessment Skills for Wyoming Students (PAWS)
Assessment of reference norms
- CTB/McGraw-Hill | CTB/McGraw-Hill: TerraNova (CAT/6 and CTBS/5) and Adult Basic Education Test (TABE)
- ERB: Comprehensive Testing Program, 4th Edition (CTP 4)
- Pearson: Stanford 9, Stanford 10, MAT 8, and Aprenda 3
- Riverside issuance: The Iowa Tests (ITBS) and (ITED) and Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests, Fourth Edition]
Interim/benchmark assessment
- American Education Corporation: A LearningLink Rating
- Dynamic Measurement Group: Dynamic Literacy Basic Skills Indicator (DIBELS)
- Central Florida to Read Research: Florida Assessment for Instruction in Reading
- Measurable Developments: Progress Toward Standards (PTS3)
- NWEA: Academic Progress Size (MAP)
- Pearson: Stanford Diagnostic Tests, Fourth Edition (SDRT 4) and Stanford Learning First
- Scantron: Performance Series
- Scholastic: Scholastic Readout (SRI)
Spanish judgment
- Achieve3000: KidBiz3000; Class 2-8, TeenBiz3000; Value 9-12
- New York-Based New Standard Assignment 3-9, 11
- Pearson: Aprenda 3
- Scholastic Inventory Reading
- Texas Knowledge and Skills Assessment (TAKS) -Spanish; Value 3-6
International ratings
- E-LQ Rating
- Assessment of GL, Progress in English (PIE) assessment; age 7-11
- ETS: TOEFL
- ETS: TOEIC
- International Scholastic
Assessment for homeschool children
- BJU Press Testing and Evaluation: Stanford and Iowa Performance Test
- EdGate: Total Reader (TR)
- Riverside Publishing: Gates-MacGinitie Read Test
- Riverside Publishing: Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS)
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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