Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. He is Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which develops on-board aviation software for the Apollo space program. In 1986, he became founder and CEO of Hamilton Technologies, Inc., in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was developed around Universal System Language based on the Pre-Factor Development paradigm (DBTF) for system and software design.
Hamilton has published over 130 papers, proceedings, and reports on 60 projects and six major programs in which he is involved.
On November 22, 2016, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Barack Obama for his work leading the development of on-board aviation software for Apollo Moon NASA's mission.
Video Margaret Hamilton (scientist)
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Margaret Heafield was born in Paoli, Indiana, to Kenneth Heafield and Ruth Esther Heafield (nÃÆ' Â © e Partington). After graduating from Hancock High School in 1954, he studied mathematics at the University of Michigan in 1955 and subsequently obtained a B.A. in mathematics with a minor in philosophy from Earlham College in 1958. He briefly taught high school mathematics and French after graduation, in support of her husband while he worked on a bachelor's degree at Harvard, with the ultimate goal of pursuing a bachelor's degree at a later date. He moved to Boston, Massachusetts, with the aim of undertaking postgraduate studies in abstract mathematics at Brandeis University. He quoted a female mathematics professor as assisting his desire to pursue abstract mathematics. He has other inspirations outside the world of technology, including his father, philosopher and poet, and his grandfather, principal and Quaker Minister. He said these men inspired him to be underage in philosophy. In 1960 he took a temporary position at MIT to develop software to predict the weather on the LGP-30 and PDP-1 computers (at Marvin Minsky Project MAC) for professor Edward Norton Lorenz in the meteorology department. Hamilton wrote that at the time, computer science and software engineering had not become disciplined; conversely, programmers learn from work with hands-on experience.
From 1961 to 1963, he worked at the SAGE Project at Lincoln Lab, where he was one of the programmers who wrote software for the first AN/FSQ-7 (XD-1) computer, to search for inhospitable aircraft; he also wrote software for Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories.
Maps Margaret Hamilton (scientist)
Project SAGE
The SAGE project is an extension of Project Whirlwind, initiated by MIT, to create computer systems that can predict the weather system and track their movements through simulators; SAGE was soon developed for military use in air-defense anti-aircraft from potential Soviet attacks during the Cold War. Hamilton said,
"What they usually do when you get into this organization as a beginner is to assign you this program that nobody ever knows or can run.As I was a beginner they gave it to me too and what happened was a complicated program, and the person who wrote it was pleased with the fact that all his comments were in Greek and Latin, so I assigned this program and I actually made it work and even printed the answer in Latin and Greek, I was the first to make it work. "
It was his effort in this project that made him a candidate for a position at NASA as the main developer for Apollo aviation software.
NASA
Hamilton later joined the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory at MIT, who was working on the Apollo space mission. He eventually led a team that was credited with developing software for Apollo and Skylab. Hamilton's team is responsible for developing in-flight software, including algorithms designed by various senior scientists for the Apollo command module, lunar lander, and the next Skylab. Other parts of his team design and develop system software that includes error detection and recovery software such as restart and Front Display Routine (AKA Priority Display) designed and developed by Hamilton. He works to gain hands-on experience during a time when computer science courses are not common and software engineering courses do not exist.
His areas of expertise include system design and software development, enterprise modeling and processes, development paradigms, formal system modeling languages, system-oriented objects for system modeling and development, automated life-cycle environments, methods for maximizing reliability and software reuse, domain analysis , truth by native language features, open architecture techniques for tough systems, full lifecycle automation, quality assurance, seamless integration, fault detection and recovery techniques, human-machine interface systems, operating systems, end to end testing techniques, and techniques life cycle management.
Apollo 11
In one of the important moments of the Apollo 11 mission, Apollo Guidance Computer along with on-board aviation software prevented the cancellation of landing on the Moon. Three minutes before the Moon lander arrives on the surface of the Moon, several computer alarms are triggered. Computers are overloaded with erroneous interruptions caused by incorrect power supplied to the residents' rendezvous radar. Alarm programs show "executive overflows", which means the guide computer can not complete all of its tasks in real time and should suspend some of them. The asynchronous executive designed by J. Halcombe Laning was used by Hamilton's team to develop asynchronous flight software:
Due to fault detection and recovery of aviation software system software that includes "kill and recompute" across the entire system from a "safe place" approach restarted with snapshot and rollback techniques, Display Interface Routines (AKA displays priority) together with the ability of man -in-the-loop can be created to have the ability to interfere with the astronaut's normal mission view by displaying the priority of critical alarms in an emergency. It depends on us assigning a unique priority to each process in the software to ensure that all events will take place in the right order and at the right time relative to everything that happens.
Hamilton's priority alarm indicates a disturbance on the astronaut's normal screen to warn them that there is an emergency "giving astronauts a go/no go decision (for landing or not landing)". Jack Garman, a NASA computer engineer in mission control, recognizes the meaning of mistakes presented to astronauts by priority screens and shouts, "Come on, start!" And they left. Dr. Paul Curto, senior technologist who nominated Hamilton for the NASA Space Awards, called Hamilton's work "the foundation for a highly reliable software design."
Hamilton wrote about the incident,
The computer (or rather the software in it) is smart enough to recognize that it's being asked to do more tasks than it should. Then send an alarm, which means to astronauts, I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing right now and I'll just save more important tasks ; that is, what is needed for a landing... Actually, the computer is programmed to do more than just recognize the error condition. A complete set of recovery programs is incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, is to eliminate lower priority tasks and redefine the more important... If the computer does not recognize this problem and take remedial action, I doubt if Apollo 11 will be the successful landing month.
Business
From 1976 to 1984, Hamilton was the CEO of a company he founded called Higher Order Software (HOS) to develop ideas about error prevention and fault tolerance arising from his experience at MIT. They created a product called USE.IT, based on the HOS methodology developed at MIT. It was successfully used in various government projects. One important project is to formalize and implement the first calculated IDEF, C-IDEF for the Air Force, based on HOS as its official foundation.
One critical assessment argues that, apart from some independent reviews, the HOS methodology yielded little analysis except among the consultants associated with the company. The evaluation, conducted by consultants for the United States Navy, affirms that "HOS literature tends to advertise their ideas and products more than contribute substance to the field of Computer Science." Edsgar Dijkstra describes the USE.IT software as "a mechanical tool for the adoption of outdated techniques". Detailed analyzes of HOS theory and AXES language are used by Harel to develop derived languages ​​for a more modern form of structured programming originating from HOS called programming languages ​​//or from point of view and/or sub-goals. Referring to Dijkstra's classic work on structured programming, Harel states: "When it will become clear, the" layers "in which the program is organized, this is at the heart of a structured programming idea, according to the tree level." Harel went on to show at that time how HOS and derived from his/or programming language relate to mathematical logic, game theory and artificial intelligence. Others have used HOS to formalize the semantics of linguistic quantifiers. and to formalize the design of a reliable real-time embedded system
Hamilton left the company, HOS, in 1985. In March 1986, he became founder and CEO of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company is developed around Universal Systems Language (USL) and its associated automated environment, 001 Tool Suite, based on the Pre-Factor Development (DBTF) paradigm for system design and software development.
Legacy
Hamilton composed the term "software engineering" during the days of the Apollo space mission:
During this time at MIT, he wanted to grant the "legitimacy" of their software, as well as other engineering disciplines, so that (and those who built it) would be honored; and, as a result, he coined the term "software engineering" to distinguish it from other types of engineering.
Hamilton details how he can make the term "software engineering":
"When I first came up with that term, nobody had ever heard of it before, at least in our world.That was a long joke for a long time, they liked to lie to me about my radical ideas It was an unforgettable day one of the most respected hardware experts explained to everyone at a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be regarded as an engineering discipline, just like hardware, not because of its acceptance of the new 'term', but because we has accepted and accepted the other in the room as in the field of engineering in itself. "
When Hamilton began using the term "software engineering", software engineering was not taken seriously compared to other techniques, nor was it considered a science. He began using the term "software engineering" during the initial Apollo mission to provide software legitimacy in other fields such as hardware engineering. Over time, the term "software engineering" has earned the same respect as any other discipline. "At MIT he helped in the creation of core principles in computer programming as he worked with his colleagues in writing code for the world's first portable computer". Hamilton's innovation beyond achievement plays an important role in bringing man to the moon. Hamilton, along with many other female engineers, challenged the male-dominated technology field of his time, to enable women to enter these STEM fields for years to come.
Awards
- In 1986, he received the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award by the Association of Women in Computing. This award is given to individuals who have excelled in one (or both) of two areas: 1. Exceptional scientific and technical achievements and 2. Exceptional service to the computing community through their achievements and contributions on behalf of women in computing.
- In 2003, he was awarded the NASA's Extraordinary Space Award for his scientific and technical contributions. This award includes $ 37,200, the largest amount awarded to every individual in the history of NASA.
- In 2009, he received an Extraordinary Alumni Award by Earlham College.
- In 2016, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama, the highest civilian honor in the United States.
- On April 28, 2017, he received the "Recipient of the Computer History Museum Award" which respects outstanding men and women whose ideas have changed the world.
- In 2017, NASA's "Ladies from NASA" set went on sale featuring mini-sculptures from Hamilton, Mae Jemison, Sally Ride and Nancy Grace Roman.
Personal life
She met her husband James Cox Hamilton while at Earlham College. They married in the late 1950s after Hamilton earned his bachelor's degree. They had a daughter together named Lauren, who later married billionaire, actor, dancer, and choreographer James Cox Chambers. Lauren says that Margaret is the queen of daughters at Earlham College, and marries the class president. Over the weekend he often took Lauren to the lab to allow her to spend time with her daughter. While Lauren sleeps on the office floor, "her mother programmed away, creating a routine that will eventually be added to Apollo's command module computer". Margaret Hamilton and James Cox Hamilton eventually divorced.
Publications
- M. Hamilton (1994), "Inside Development Before the Fact," cover story, Special Editorial Supplement, 8ES-24ES. Electronic Design , April 1994.
- M. Hamilton (1994), "001: Complete Engineering and Software Development Environment System," the closing story, Special Editorial Supplement, 22ES-30ES. Electronic Design , June 1994.
- M. Hamilton, Hackler, WR. (2004), Integrated Guidance Integrated Guidance Units (DI-GNU) Principles of General Software Architecture (revised 29 December 2004), DAAAE30-02-D-1020 and DAAB07-98-D-H502/0180, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, 2003 -2004.
- M. Hamilton and W. R. Hackler (2007), "The Universal System Language for Preventive System Engineering," Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. Systems Eng. Res. (CSER), Stevens Institute of Technology, March 2007, paper # 36.
- M. Hamilton and W. R. Hackler (2007), "Universal Universal System Semantics for SysML", 17th Annual International Symposium, INCOSE 2007, San Diego, CA, June 2007.
- M. Hamilton and W. R. Hackler (2008), "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo", IEEE Computer, December 2008.
See also
- A list of pioneers in computer science
References
- McMillan, Robert (October 13, 2015). "The code makes man on the moon - and creates the software itself". Wired . Retrieved October 20 2015 .
External links
- MIT News
- Margaret Hamilton Video is produced by Maker: Women Who Make America
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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