An office is generally a space or other area where the administrative work is performed by an organization's users to support and realize the objects and goals of the organization. It may also indicate positions within an organization with specific tasks attached to them (see officers, office officials, officials); The latter is actually the previous use, the office as a place that originally refers to the location of a person's task. When used as an adjective, the term "office" may refer to tasks related to business. In legal writing, a company or organization has an office wherever it has an official presence, even if it consists of, for example, the storage of silos rather than offices. Office is a phenomenon of architecture and design; whether it is a small office like a bench in the corner of a small business with very small size (see small office/home office), through the entire building floor, up to and including a large building dedicated solely to one company. In modern terms, an office usually refers to the location where white-collar workers are employed. According to James Stephenson, "The office is part of a business devoted to the direction and coordination of its various activities."
Offices in classical antiquity often became part of a large palace or temple complex. The Middle Ages High (1000-1300) saw the emergence of medieval cowards, which is usually the place where most government letters were written and where laws were copied in the administration of the kingdom. With the growth of large and complex organizations in the 18th century, the first built office spaces were built. As the Industrial Revolution intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the banking industry, railways, insurance, retail, petroleum, and telegraphy grew dramatically, and a large number of scribes were needed, and as a result more office space was needed for the home This activity. Time and motion studies, pioneered in production by F. W. Taylor lead to the "Modern Efficiency Desk" with flat tops and bottom drawers, designed to allow managers to gain an easy view of the workers. However, at the mid-point of the 20th century, it became clear that efficient offices required privacy controls, and gradually the cubicle system developed.
The main purpose of the office environment is to support the inhabitants in doing their work. Office work space is usually used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing and working computers. There are nine types of generic workspaces, each supporting different activities. In addition to individual chambers, there is also a meeting room, sitting room, and space for support activities, such as photocopying and filing. Some offices also have kitchen areas where workers can make their lunch. There are many different ways to organize space in the office and while this varies according to function, managerial mode and certain corporate culture can become more important. Although offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for office make this more difficult, such as requirements for light, networking, and security. The main purpose of an office building is to provide workplace and work environment especially for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy certain areas within the office building, and are usually provided with tables, PCs, and other equipment they may need in this area.
Video Office
Histori
The structure and shape of the office is influenced by management thinking as well as construction materials and may or may not have walls or obstructions. The word is derived from the Latin officium, and its counterpart in various languages, especially romance. An officium is not always a place, but more often a 'bureau' in terms of human staff or even abstract ideas about formal positions, such as magistrature. The relatively complicated Roman bureaucracy would not be equaled for centuries in the West after the fall of Rome, some even back to illiteracy, while the East maintained a more sophisticated administrative culture, both under Byzantium and under Islam.
Offices in classical antiquity often became part of a large palace or temple complex. There is usually a space where the scrolls are kept and the clerks do their work. The ancient manuscripts which mention the works of scribes pertain to the existence of such "offices". These rooms are sometimes called "libraries" by some archaeologists and the general press because they often connect the scrolls with lectors. In fact they are the actual office because the scrolls are intended for record keeping and other management functions such as covenants and fatwas, and not for writing or storing poetry or other works of fiction.
Medieval
The Middle Ages High (1000-1300) saw the emergence of medieval cowards, which is usually the place where most government letters were written and where laws were copied in the administration of the kingdom. Conquering rooms often have walls full of small holes, built to hold rolled parchment rolls for storage or ready-made references, predecessors from bookshelves. The introduction of printing during the Renaissance did not change much of this early government office.
Medieval illustrations, such as paintings or tapestries, often show people in their private offices handling notebooks or writing on parchment scrolls. All types of writing seem to be mixed in the early forms of the office. Prior to the invention of the printing press and its distribution there was often a fine line between private offices and private libraries because books were read or written in the same room on the same desk or desk, and general accounting and personal or personal letters were also done there.
During the 13th century, the English form of the word first appeared when referring to positions involving tasks (eg Office...). Geoffrey Chaucer appears to have first used the word in 1395 as the place where business is transacted in The Canterbury Tales.
Because mercantilism became the dominant Renaissance economic theory, traders tend to do their business in the same building, which may include retail sales, warehousing, and administration work. During the 15th century, population density in many cities reached a point where stand-alone buildings were used by merchants to run their businesses, and there was a developmental difference between church, government/military and trade for buildings.
The emergence of modern office
With the growth of large and complex organizations such as the Royal Navy and East India Company in the 18th century, the first built office space was built. The Old Admiralty (Ripley Building) was built in 1726 as a three-storey U-shaped brick building and was the first office building built in England. In addition to the office, this building also has a boardroom and apartments for Lords of the Admiralty. In the 1770s, many offices scattered for the Royal Navy were collected to Somerset House, the first block built for office work.
The East India House was built in 1729 on Leadenhall Street as the headquarters from which the East India Company manages its Indian colonial property. The company developed a very complex bureaucracy for the task, which required thousands of office employees to process the necessary documents. The company recognizes the benefits of centralized administration, and requires all workers to go in and out at headquarters, every day.
As the Industrial Revolution intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the banking industry, railways, insurance, retail, petroleum, and telegraphy dramatically grew in size and complexity. To transact business, an increasing number of scribes is required to handle order processing, accounting, and document archiving, with more dedicated office space necessary to accommodate these activities. Most of the desks of that era were heavy with paper storage spaces that stretched over the work area area, giving the cubicle a look and offering to the workers some degree of privacy.
The relatively high land price in the center of the city core leads to first-tiered buildings, which are limited to about 10 floors until the use of iron and steel allows for higher structures. The first office block built was the Brunswick Building, built in Liverpool in 1841. The discovery of a safety elevator in 1852 by Elisha Otis saw a rapid escalation to the top of the building. At the end of the 19th century, larger office buildings often contained large glass atrium to allow light to enter the complex and improve air circulation.
20th century
In 1906, Sears, Roebuck and Co had opened their mail order and headquarters in a 3,000,000 square foot (280,000 m 2 ) building in Chicago, when it was the largest building in the world. Time and motion studies, pioneered in the making by FW Taylor and then applied to the office environment by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, led to the idea that managers need to play an active role in directing subordinate work to improve workplace efficiency. W. Taylor advocated the use of a large and open floor plan, and a table facing the supervisor. As a result, in 1915, the Just Life Insurance Company in New York City introduced the "Modern Efficiency Desk" with its flat top and bottom drawers, designed to allow managers to gain an easy view of the workers. This leads to a demand for large square footage per floor in buildings, and back to open spaces seen in pre-industrial revolution buildings.
However, at the mid-point of the 20th century, it became clear that efficient offices require flexibility in privacy controls, necessary to combat boredom associated with poor productivity, and to encourage creativity. In 1964, the Herman Miller (office) company involves Robert Propst, a prolific industrial designer, who emerged with the Action Office concept that later evolved into an office furniture system.
Japanese Office of the 20th Century
Japanese businesses have broken away from their American counterparts by applying different techniques in the way they handle business. The Japanese office layout improves work productivity, office alignment, and makes every employee accountable for the work they produce. The type of office layout used in Japan is called open plans , and relies on ergonomics to help make employees as productive as possible. Japanese open office layout allows them to use an organizational structure known as a horizontal structure. In typical Japanese offices there are no walls separating the tables, no booths, and no individual offices. They are also able to implement policies using the ringi-sho consensus.
To make group members work effectively in an open office floor plan, the use of island style tables is used. The most dominant feature of the Japanese island-style office layout is that each group forms an island. Kageyu Noro, Goroh Fujimaki & amp; Shinsuke Kishi, ergonomics research at the workplace, stated, "The Japanese office has traditionally adhered to the island's layout because it reflects the Japanese team's work style and top-down management style." The group leader will then sit in a prominent position and ensure productivity.
The group leader will assign tasks to the group, and each group member then accepts their individual tasks to complete. Island-style seating also gives groups the benefit of being able to talk to each other at any time, and ask for help if needed. Being so close to one another in the office gives another benefit to the supervisor because he can call uchi-awase. Uchi-awase is an informal meeting to convey an important message, and also allows all team members to be creative in the office. "The open office layout allows for this because hardly any independent rooms or attachments.If the supervisor stands at his desk, he can glance at his colleagues and easily call them." According to Durlabhji, Subhash, Norton E. Marks, and Scott Roach , author of Japanese Business: Cultural Perspective. After all individual tasks are completed, the group then combines the work of each person and the project is put together as a whole and returned to the supervisor. This work is seen as a team effort and that each group member receives the same credit to be part of the team that accomplishes the set goals. The group itself requires the accountability of each of its members to ensure that its work is done, and that no one is doing more work than others. Another motivating factor is that group bosses are also sitting at the same table, and the effect on individuals is that they have to work hard like a boss. The role of having an open layout with an island seating type allows the office to be structured so that employees are put together as a team.
The type of organizational structure found in Japanese offices is known as the horizontal structure. According to Andrew, Ghillyer, author of Current Management, "The horizontal structure is an organizational structure consisting of two groups: the first consists of senior management responsible for strategic and policy decisions and the second consists of empowered employees working together in different process teams also known as team structure. "The benefit of using this type of structure is that the hierarchy is leveled to reduce oversight, the team can manage on its own, the team's performance, not only the individual is appreciated, and the training is highly emphasized among all employees. With increased awareness of empowerment and responsibility, workers are motivated to accomplish goals in a timely fashion. Having a horizontally structured office allows easy communication to introduce new policies and ideas among groups.
"Ringisho" refers to the concept of submitting proposals and making decisions of those ideas. By bringing everyone together in a Japanese office, it will help to make informed decisions about the company policies that all managers and employees have entered into. The idea behind this is to get a variety of individual thoughts to see if there is a good way of writing their policies that come to benefit the company better. Richard Lewis, author of When Cultures Collide, states, "Suggestions, ideas and inventions build corporate hierarchies with a signature collection process among workers and middle managers.Many people are involved.A top executives take the last step in ratifying items that have received sufficient approval. "With this system in place a policy change is only to be missed if there is an overall consensus to pass through. Allowing each group to say the policies that should be applied improve job satisfaction and overall alignment across the office.
The way a Japanese office is structured enables them to be more efficient while doing business. The efficiency in which they operate has been noticed by companies such as General Motors, Ford, Motorola, and Chrysler Company. They are constantly looking for other ways to be more efficient and productive with office layout and employee productivity.
Maps Office
Office space
The main purpose of the office environment is to support the occupants in doing their work - preferably with minimum cost and maximum satisfaction. However, with different people performing different tasks and activities, it is not always easy to choose the right office space. To assist in workplace decision making and office design, one can distinguish three different types of office space: workspace, meeting room, and support room. For a new business, or a growing, remote satellite office and a project space, the Service Office can provide a simple solution and provide all the previous types of space.
Workspace
Office work space is usually used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing and working computers. There are nine types of generic workspaces, each supporting different activities.
Open office : Workspace is open to more than ten people, suitable for activities that require regular communication or routine activities that require relatively little concentration
Team space : Semi-closed workspace for two to eight people; suitable for teamwork that requires frequent internal communication and moderate concentration levels
Cubicle : Semi-closed workspace for one person, suitable for activities requiring medium concentration and medium interaction
Private office : Closed workspace for one person, suitable for secret activities, demands a lot of concentration or includes lots of small meetings
Shared office : Workspace is closed for two or three people, suitable for semi-concentrated work and collaborative work in small groups
Team space : Workspace is closed for four to ten people; suitable for teamwork that may be confidential and require frequent internal communication
Study Room : Workspace is closed to one person; suitable for short-term activities that require concentration or confidentiality
Workspace : Workspace is like sitting room for two to six people; suitable for short-term activities that require collaboration and/or enabling impromptu interaction
Touch bottom : Workspace is open for one person; suitable for short-term activities that require little concentration and low interaction
Meeting room
The office meeting room usually uses an interactive process, be it quick conversation or an intensive brainstorm. There are six generic meeting room types, each supporting a different activity.
Small meeting room : The meeting room is closed for two to four people, suitable for formal and informal interaction
Large conference room : The meeting room is closed for five to twelve people, suitable for formal interaction
Small meeting room : The meeting room is open or semi-open for two to four people; suitable for short and informal interaction
Large meeting room : Open or semi-open meeting rooms for five to twelve people; suitable for short and informal interaction
Brainstorm Room : The meeting room is closed for five to twelve people; suitable for brainstorming sessions and workshops
Meeting point : The meeting point is open for two to four people; suitable for informal ad hoc meetings
Support space
Office support rooms are usually used for secondary activities such as document archiving or breaks. There are twelve types of generic support spaces, each supporting a different activity.
Filing space : Open or closed support rooms for frequently used file and document storage
Storage space : Open or closed support rooms for commonly used office equipment storage
Print and copy areas : Open or closed support rooms with facilities for printing, scanning, and copying
Mailing area : Open or semi-open support space where employees can retrieve or send their personal mail
Pantry Area : Open or closed support rooms where people can get coffee and tea and soft drinks and snacks
Rest area : Support room is semi-open or closed where employees can take a break from their work
Locker area : Open or semi-open support space where employees can keep their personal belongings
Smoking spaces : Closed support rooms where employees can smoke
Library : A semi-open or closed support room for reading books, journals and magazines
Game room : Closed support rooms where employees can play games (eg computer games, swimming pools, darts)
Lactation space: starting from the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a requirement for companies in the United States.
Waiting area : Open or semi-open support space where visitors can be accepted and can wait for their appointment
Circulation space : Support space required for circulation on the office floor, connecting all major functions
Office structure
There are many different ways to organize space in the office and while this varies according to function, managerial mode, and certain corporate culture can become more important. Options include, how many people will work in the same room. At one extreme, each individual worker will have their own room; elsewhere, large open plan offices can consist of one main room with dozens or hundreds of people working in the same room. The open-plan office puts many workers in the same room, and several studies show that they can improve short-term productivity, in a single software project. At the same time, loss of privacy and security can increase the incidence of theft and loss of company secrets. A type of compromise between an open plan and an individual space is provided by a cubicle table, perhaps best known by the Dilbert cartoon series, which breaks visual privacy to some extent, but often fails on acoustic separation and security. Most booths also require residents to sit with their backs against anyone who might be approaching; walled office workers almost always try to position a normal work chair and desk so they can see someone in, and in some instances, install a small mirror on things like a computer monitor.
Office building
Although offices can be built in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for office make this more difficult. These requirements may be legal (eg light levels should be sufficient ) or technical (eg requirements for computer networks ). Simultaneously, other requirements such as security and layout flexibility, have led to the creation of special buildings that are solely dedicated or primarily for use as offices. An office building , also known as office block or business center is a commercial building form that contains space that is primarily designed for office use.
The main purpose of an office building is to provide workplace and work environment especially for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy certain areas within the office building, and are usually provided with tables, PCs, and other equipment they may need in this area.
An office building will be divided into sections for different companies or can be dedicated to one company. In each case, each company will usually have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, a single or open office, and a toilet.
Many office buildings also have kitchen facilities and staff rooms, where workers can eat lunch or take a break. A lot of office space is now also a serviced office space, which means that those who occupy space or buildings can share the facility.
Office and retail rental rates
Rental rates for offices and retail space are usually quoted in the form of money per floor area, usually money per floor per year or per month. For example, the tariff for a particular property may be $ 29 per square foot per year ($ 29/sf/yr) - $ 290 per square meter per year ($ 290/m 2 /a), and the rate at the area can range from $ 20- $ 50/sf/yr ($ 200- $ 500/m 2 Ã, Â · a).
In many countries, rent is usually paid every month even if it is usually discussed in a few years.
Example:
- Custom 2.000 s.f. space for $ 15/s.f./yr = (2.000 s.f.) ÃÆ'â € "($ 15/s.f./a)/(12 mo/yr) = $ 2500/month
- Room 200 m 2 for $ 150/m 2 Ã, Â · a = (200 m 2 ) ÃÆ'â € " $ 150/m 2 Ã, Â · a)/(12 mo/a) = $ 2500/month
Under gross rent , the quoted rate is the all inclusive rate. One pays a certain amount of rent per time and the owner is responsible for all other expenses such as utility, tax, insurance, maintenance, and repair costs.
The triple net lease is one in which the tenant is responsible for part of various expenses such as property taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, climate control, repairs, cleaning services and landscaping.
Rental offices in the United States are still not recovering from the high vacancy rates that occurred after the 2008 depression.
Grading
The Owners and Building Managers Association (BOMA) classifies office space into three categories: Class A, Class B, and Class C. According to BOMA, Class A office buildings have "the most prestigious buildings that compete for the main office users with an above-average lease for the region ". BOMA states that Class A facilities have "high quality standards, sophisticated systems, exceptional accessibility, and a definite market presence". BOMA describes Class B office buildings as being competitive "for various users with rentals in the average range for the area". BOMA declares that Class B buildings have "adequate systems" and solve them "fair for good areas", but they do not compete with Class A buildings for the same price. According to BOMA Class C buildings are designated for "tenants who require functional space in the rent below the average for the area". The lack of specifics allow sufficient space to "fabricate" category boundaries. Often, the above categories are further modified by adding plus or minus signs to create subclasses, such as Class A or Class B-.
To distinguish between modern and aging class A buildings, class A buildings, triple A class ideas, and class A double use. A 20-year-old class A building can be called a double A building or just a Class A building, usually depending on the number of new A-class buildings that have been built since it was built.
See also
References
Further reading
- Adams, Scott (2002). What do you call a sociopath in a cubicle? (answer, co-workers) . Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub.
- Duffy, Francis; Cave, Colin; Worthington, John, eds. (1976). Office Space Planning . London: The Architectural Press Ltd. Ã,
- Klein, Judy Graf (1982). Office Book . New York: Facts on File Inc.
- van Meel, Juriaan; Martens, Yuri; van Ree, Hermen Jan (2010). Office Space Planning: practical guidance for managers and designers . London: Laurence King Publishing. Ã,
- Saval, Nikil (2014). Cut: Secret Workplace History . Doubleday.
- Roderick, Ian (2016). "Representing affective work and gender performance in knowledge work: analysis of multimodal critical discourse". Gender and Language . Equinox. 10 (3): 340-363. doi: 10.1558/genl.v10i3.32040.
External links
- Initial Office Museum
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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