An icemaker , an ice generator , or ice machine can refer to a consumer device for making ice, found in a home freezer; stand-alone tools for making ice, or industrial machinery for making ice on a large scale. The term "ice machine" usually refers to a stand-alone tool.
ice generators are part of ice machines that actually produce ice. These include evaporators and associated drives/controls/subframes that are directly involved with making and discharging ice into storage. When most people refer to ice generators, they mean the ice-making subsystem itself, minus the cooler.
Ice Machines , especially when described as 'packets', are usually complete machines including cooling, controls and dispensers, which only require connection to the power and water supply.
The term icemaker is more ambiguous, with some manufacturers describing ice machines packed as icemakers, while others describe their generators in this way.
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Histori
In 1748, the first known artificial cooling was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow. Mr. Cullen never used his invention for any practical purpose. This may be the reason why the history of icemakers began with Oliver Evans, the inventor of America who designed the first cooling machine in 1805. In 1834, Jacob Perkins built the first practical cooling machine using ether in a vapor compression cycle. American inventors, engineers, and physicists received 21 American patents and 19 British (for innovations in steam engines, printing industry and weapon manufacturing among others) and are considered today the father of the refrigerator.
In 1844, an American doctor, John Gorrie, made a refrigerator based on Oliver Evans's design to make ice for cooling air for his yellow fever patients. The plan dates back to 1842, making him one of the founding fathers of the refrigerator. Unfortunately for John Gorrie, his plan to produce and sell his invention was met with fierce opposition by Frederic Tudor, Boston's "Ice King". At that time, Tudor shipped ice from the United States to Cuba and planned to expand its business to India. Afraid that Gorrie's discovery would ruin his business, he started a fouled campaign against its discoverers. In 1851, John Gorrie was awarded US. Patent 8080 for ice machine. After struggling with the Tudor campaign and the death of his partner, John Gorrie also died, bankrupt and humiliated. The original icemaker plan and prototype machine were held today at the National Museum of American History, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
In 1853, Alexander Twining was awarded US. Patent 10221 for icemaker. The Twining experiment led to the development of the first commercial cooling system, built in 1856. He also established the first artificial method in producing ice. Just like Perkins before him, James Harrison began experimenting with vapor ether compression. In 1854, James Harrison managed to build a cooling machine capable of producing 3,000 kilograms of ice per day and in 1855 he received an icemaker patent in Australia, similar to Alexander Twining. Harrison continued his experiments with cooling. Today he is credited for his major contribution to the development of modern cooling system design and strategy functionality. This system is then used to deliver chilled meat to the world.
In 1867, Andrew Muhl built an ice machine in San Antonio, Texas, to help serve the expanding beef industry before moving it to Waco in 1871. In 1873, the patent for this machine was contracted by Columbus Iron Works, which produced commercial icemakers first in the world. William Riley Brown served as his president and George Jasper Golden served as his inspector.
In 1876, the German engineer Carl von Linde patented the liquefaction process of gas which would later become an essential part of basic cooling technology (US Pat. No. 1027862). In 1879 and 1891, two American African inventors patented a better refrigerator design in the United States (Thomas Elkins - US patent # 221222 and John Standard - US patent # 455891 respectively).
In 1902, the Teague family in Montgomery bought control of the company. Their last ad on Ice and Cooling appeared in March 1904. In 1925, controlling interest in Columbus Iron Works passed from the Teague family to W.C. Bradely from W.C. Bradley, Co.
Professor Jurgen Hans is credited with inventing the first ice machine to produce edible ice in 1929. In 1932, he founded a company called Kulinda and began producing edible ice, but in 1949 the business shifted its main product from ice to refrigeration central air.
Ice machines from the late 1800s through the 1930s used toxic gases such as ammonia (NH3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. During the 1920s, several fatal accidents were registered. They are caused by a methyl chloride leaking fridge. In an effort to replace harmful refrigerants - especially methyl chloride - collaborative research takes place in American companies. The result of this research is the discovery of Freon. In 1930, General Motors and DuPont formed Kinetic Chemistry to produce Freon, which would later become the standard for almost all consumer and refrigerator industries. Freon produced at the time was chlorofluorocarbons, a toxic gas that caused ozone depletion.
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The principle of ice making
All refrigeration equipment is made of four main components; evaporator, condenser, compressor, and throttle valve. All ice machines work the same way. The function of the compressor is to compress the low pressure refrigerant vapor into high-pressure steam, and send it to the condenser. Here, high-pressure steam is condensed into a high-pressure liquid, and flowed through the throttle valve into a low-pressure liquid. At this point, the liquid is carried into the evaporator, where heat exchanges occur, and ice forms. This is a complete cooling cycle.
Author icemakers consumer
icemakers Freezer
The auto Icemakers for the home that was first offered by Servel company around 1953. They are usually found in refrigerator freezer compartments. They produce ice crescent-shaped icicles from metal molds. The first electromechanical or electronic timer opens the solenoid valve for a few seconds, allowing the mold to be filled with water from the domestic cold water supply. The timer then closes the valve and allows the ice to freeze for about 30 minutes. Then, the timer turns on a low-power electric heating element in the mold for a few seconds, to melt the ice cubes slightly so they do not stick to the mold. Finally, the timer rotates the rotating arm that takes the ice cubes out of the mold and into the bin, and the cycle repeats. If the bin is filled with ice, ice pushes the wire sleeve, which closes the icemaker until the ice level in the trash goes down again. Users can also lift the wire arm anytime to stop ice production.
Then the automatic icemakers in the Samsung refrigerator use flexible plastic molds. When the ice cubes, felt by the Thermistor, the timer causes the motor to reverse the mold and rotate it so that the cube slips off and falls into the trash.
The early Icemaker drops ice into the bin in the freezer compartment; user should open the freezer door to get ice. In 1965, Frigidaire introduced an ice-maker extracted from the front door of the freezer. In this model, pressing the glass against the crib on the outside of the door runs the motor, which turns the auger in the trash and sends ice cubes to the glass. Most dispensers can optionally direct the ice through the crushing mechanism to deliver the crushed ice. Some dispensers can also dispose of cold water.
Portable icemakers
Portable icemakers are units that can fit on the table. They are the fastest and smallest icemakers on the market. The ice produced by a portable icemaker is shaped like a bullet and has a blurry, opaque appearance. The first ice batch can be made within 10 minutes after turning on the appliance and adding water. Water is pumped into a small tube with a metal peg that is immersed in water. Since the unit is portable, water must be manually charged. Water is pumped from the bottom of the reservoir to the freeze tray. The pegs use heating and cooling systems inside to freeze the water around them and then heat up so that ice escapes from the stake and goes into storage. Ice begins to form in minutes, however, the size of the ice depends on the freezing cycle - the longer cycle produces a thicker cube. The portable icemaker maker will not prevent the ice from melting, but it will recycle water to make more ice. After the storage tray is full, the system will shut down automatically.
Built-in and freestanding Icemakers
Built-in icemakers are engineered to fit under a kitchen table or bar, but they can be used as stand-alone units. Some produce icecream-like ice from ice freezer makers; The ice is turbid and blurry not clear, because the water is frozen faster than the other ice which produces clear ice cubes. In the process, a small air bubble is trapped, causing a cloud of ice. However, most ice makers under the table are the clear ice-makers whose ice loses air bubbles, and therefore the ice is clear and melts slower.
industry icemakers
Commercial ice makers improve ice quality by using moving water. Water flows down a high nickel nickel-steel evaporator. The surface should be below freezing. Saltwater requires a lower temperature to freeze and will last longer. Generally used to pack seafood products. The air and dissolved solids will drift in such a way that on a horizontal water evaporator machine has 98% of the solids removed, producing very hard, almost pure, and clear ice. In a vertical evaporator the ice is softer, more if there is a real individual cube cell. Commercial ice machines can create different sizes of ice like flaker, crushed, cube, octagonal, and tube.
When the ice sheet on the cold surface reaches the desired thickness, the sheet slips down to the grid of the cable, where the weight of the sheet causes it to be broken into the desired shape, after which it falls into storage.
Flake ice machine
Ice flakes are made from a mixture of saltwater and water (max 500 g [18 oz] salt per ton of water), in some cases can be directly made from saltwater. Thickness between 1 and 15 mm ( / 16 and 9 / 16 in), irregular shapes with diameters ranging from 12 to 45 mm ( 1 / 2 to 1 3 / 4 at).
The evaporator of a flake ice machine is a vertically-drummed stainless steel container, fitted with a rotating blade that rotates and scrapes ice from the inner wall of the drum. When operating, the main axle and the blade rotate counter-clockwise by the damper. Water is sprayed down from the sprinkler; ice is formed from seawater on the inner wall. The water tray at the bottom catches cold water as it deflects the ice and recirculates back to the cooling container. Stacks usually use a float valve to fill as needed during production. The flake machine has a tendency to form an ice ring at the bottom of the drum. The electric heater is at the well at the bottom to prevent the accumulation of ice where the crusher is not reached. Some machines use scrapers to help this. This system uses a low temperature condensing unit; like all ice machines. Most manufacturers also utilize E.P.R.V. (Evaporator pressure regulators.)
Apps
Sea ice flake machine can make ice directly from sea water. This ice can be used in rapid cooling of fish and other marine products. The fishing industry is the largest user of flake ice machines. Ice flakes can lower the temperature of the water cleaners and marine products, because it rejects the growth of bacteria and makes fresh seafood.
Due to its large contact and less damage to the cooled materials, it is also applied to the storage of vegetables, fruits and meat and transportation.
In baking, during mixing flour and milk, flake ice may be added to prevent flour from the self.
In most cases of biosynthesis and chemosynthesis, flake ice is used to control the reaction rate and maintain liveness. Ice flake is sanitary, clean with a rapid temperature reduction effect.
Flake ice is used as a direct source of water in a concrete cooling process, more than 80% by weight. The concrete will not crack if it has been mixed and poured in a constant and low temperature.
Ice flake is also used for artificial snow, so it is widely used in ski resorts and amusement parks.
Cube icemaker
Cube ice machines are classified as small ice machines, unlike ice tube machines, flake ice machines, or other ice machines. The general capacity ranges from 30 kg (66 pounds) to 1,755 kg (3,869 lbs). Since the advent of cube ice machines in the 1970s, they have evolved into a variety of ice machines.
Cube ice machines are usually seen as vertical modular devices. The top is the evaporator, and the bottom is the ice spot. Refrigerant circulates inside the sold evaporator pipe, where it exchanges heat with water, and freezes water into ice cubes. When the water completely freezes into ice, it is automatically released, and falls into the ice tray.
Ice kegs can also be equipped with a compressor. Generally a cube ice machine with a capacity of more than 320 kg (710 Ib) has a built-in compressor inside an ice container for pre-sale storage, for use when demand is large.
Compressor
Most compressors are positive displacement compressors or radial compressors. The positive displacement compressor is currently the most efficient type of compressor, and has the largest refrigeration effect per single unit ( 400-2500 RT ). They have a large number of possible power supplies, and can be 380 V , 1000 V , or even higher. The principle behind the positive displacement compressor uses a turbine to suppress the refrigerant into high-pressure steam. The positive displacement compressor consists of four main types: screw compressors, rolling piston compressors, reciprocating compressors, and rotary compressors.
The screw compressor can produce the greatest cooling effect among positive displacement compressors, with its cooling capacity typically ranging from 50 RT to 400 RT . Screw compressors can also be divided into single-screw type and dual-screw type. The dual-screw type is more often seen to be used because it is very efficient.
The rolling piston compressor and reciprocating compressor have the same cooling effect, and the maximum refrigeration effect can reach 600 kW .
Reciprocating compressors are the most common type of compressor because the technology is mature and reliable. Their refrigeration effects range from 2.2 kW to 200 kW . They compress the gas by utilizing a piston that is driven by a crankshaft.
The rotary compressor, mainly used in air conditioning equipment, has a very low cooling effect, usually not exceeding 5 kW . They work by compressing the gas using a piston driven by the rotor, which rotates in an isolated compartment.
Condenser
All condensers can be classified as one of three types: air cooling, water cooling, or evaporative cooling.
- The air conditioner condenser uses air as a heat dispensing medium by blowing air through the condenser surface, which carries heat away from high pressure high pressure refrigerant vapor.
- The water-cooling condenser uses water as a heat dissipation medium to cool the refrigerant vapor into liquid.
- The condenser evaporates to cool the refrigerant vapor by using heat exchange between the evaporator pipe and the evaporated water sprayed on the pipe surface. This type of condenser is able to work in a warm environment; they are also very efficient and reliable.
Ice tube generator
Ice tube generator is an ice generator where water is frozen in a tube that is vertically extended inside the surrounding casing - freezing chamber. At the bottom of the freezing chamber there is a distributor plate having a hole around the tube and attached to a separate space where the warm gas is passed to heat the tube and cause the ice rod to slide down.
Ice tubes can be used in cooling processes, such as temperature controllers, freezing of fresh fish, and freezing bottles. It can be consumed alone or with food or drink.
Global Application and Cooling Impact
Currently, there are about 2 billion household refrigerators and over 40 million square meters of cold storage facilities operating worldwide. In the US alone, more than 8 million Fridges are sold each year. Outside our homes, restaurants, and supermarkets, cooling has global applications with a positive impact on economics, technology, social dynamics, health, and the environment. Global Economic Application
The refrigeration industry employs more than 2 million people worldwide , especially in the services sector. Cooling is required for the implementation of many current or future energy sources (hydrogen liquefies alternative fuels in the automotive industry and thermonuclear fusion production for the alternative energy industry).
- The petro-chemical and pharmaceutical industries also require refrigeration, as they are used to control and moderate different types of reactions.
- Heat pumps, which operate on a cooling basis, are often used as a way of producing energy-efficient heat.
- Production and transportation of cryogenic fuels (liquid hydrogen and oxygen) as well as long-term storage of this fluid are required for the space industry.
- In the transportation industry, refrigeration is used in marine containers, retractable vessels, refrigerated rail cars, road transport, liquid gas tankers etc.
Global Health Apps
In the food industry, refrigeration contributes to reducing postharvest losses when supplying safe, food to consumers by allowing perishable food to be stored at all stages from production to consumption by end users.
In the medical sector, refrigeration is used for vaccines, organs, stem cells and other people's storage, while cryotechnology is used in surgery and other medical research measures.
Global Environment App
Cooling is used in the maintenance of biodiversity based on cryopreservation of genetic resources (cells, tissues, and organs of plants, animals and micro-organisms);
Cooling allows CO2 melting for underground storage, enabling the separation of CO2 potential from fossil fuels at power plants through cryogenic technology.
Dimensions of Cooling Environment
At the environmental level, the impact of cooling is due to: atmospheric emissions from cooling gas used in refrigeration installations and energy consumption from cooling installations contributing to CO2 emissions - and consequently to global warming - thereby reducing global energy resources. . The atmospheric refrigerant gas emissions are based on leakage occurring in a non-leaky cooling installation or during maintenance-related refrigerant handling.
Depending on the refrigerant used, this installation and subsequent leakage may lead to: ozone depletion (chlorinated coolants such as CFC and HCFC) and/or global warming, by exerting additional greenhouse effects (fluorinated refrigerants: CFC, HCFC and HFC). From a consumption point of view, keep in mind that households are responsible for about 26.2% of global energy consumption . While the Montreal Protocol prohibits the use of CFCs attended by HCFCs, global efforts aimed at reducing the environmental impact of cooling have taken three actions:
- Direct emission reduction of fluorocarbons in the atmosphere based on better refrigerant retention,
- Reduction of refrigerant loads and development of alternative refrigerants with little or no impact on weather impacts;
- Reduced energy consumption due to increased energy efficiency of refrigeration installations.
Alternative Cooling
In their ongoing research methods to replace ozone-depleting refrigerants and greenhouse coolers (CFC, HCFC and HFC, respectively) the scientific community together with the refrigerant industry come up with an eco-friendly natural refrigerant alternative. According to a report released by the UN Environment Program, " an increase in HFC emissions is projected to offset the many climate benefits achieved by earlier reductions in ozone layer ozone emissions ". Among the non-HFC refrigerants that were found successfully replacing the traditional ones were ammonia, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide.
Ammonia
The history of cooling begins with the use of ammonia. After more than 120 years, this substance is still the leading refrigerant used by household, commercial and industrial cooling systems. The main problem with ammonia is toxicity at relatively low concentrations. On the other hand, ammonia has a zero effect on the ozone layer and very low global warming effect. While deaths caused by exposure to ammonia are extremely rare, the scientific community has come up with a safer and technologically dense mechanism to prevent ammonia leakage in modern cooling equipment. This problem is out of the way, ammonia is considered to be environmentally friendly refrigerant with various applications. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide has been used as a refrigerant for many years. Just like ammonia, it is almost completely unused because of its low critical point and high operating pressure. Carbon dioxide has a zero effect on the ozone layer, while its global warming effects can also be ignored. Modern technology solves such problems and CO2 is widely used today as an alternative to traditional cooling in several areas: industrial cooling (CO2 is usually combined with ammonia, either in cascade systems or as volatile saltwater), food industries (food and retail) cooling), heating (heat pump) and transportation industry (refrigeration transport).
Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons are natural products with high thermodynamic properties, zero ozone impact and negligible global warming effects. One problem with hydrocarbons is that they are highly flammable, limiting their use to specific applications in the refrigeration industry.
In 2011, the EPA has approved three refrigerant alternatives to replace hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in commercial and household freezers through the Significant New Alternative Policy (SNAP) program. Three alternative refrigerants legalized by the EPA are propane hydrocarbons, isobutane and substances called HCR188C - a mixture of hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane). HCR188C is used today in commercial cooling applications (supermarket refrigerators, stand-alone refrigerators and refrigerators), in refrigerated transport, automotive air conditioning systems and retrofit safety valves (for automotive applications) and residential window air conditioners.
Future Cooling
In October 2016, negotiators from 197 countries reached an agreement to reduce chemical refrigerant emissions that contribute to global warming, reemphasizing the importance of the history of the Montreal Protocol and aiming to increase its impact on greenhouse gas use in addition to efforts made to reduce the ozone depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbons. The agreement, which closes at the United Nations meeting in Kigali, Rwanda sets out the requirements for the rapid phase of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) to be discontinued from manufacturing as a whole and their use diminishes over time.
The UN agenda and Rwandan deal are aimed at finding a new generation of refrigerants to be safe from the ozone layer and greenhouse effect point of view. Legally binding agreements can reduce projected emissions by 88% and reduce global warming by almost 0.5 degrees Celsius (nearly 1 degree Fahrenheit) by 2100.
See also
- Pumpable ice technology
References
External links
- How to Buy an Energy-Saving Commercial Ice Machine. Federal Energy Management Program. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- Ã, "Ice, Artificial". The New Encyclopedia of Collier . 1921.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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