Heating is a device used to heat a small area. In contrast, central heating is used to heat many connected areas, like all the rooms in the house. Space heaters are supported either by electricity or by burning fuels such as natural gas, propane, fuel oil, or wood pellets. Portable room heaters are usually electric because a permanent exhaust is required for heating that burns fuel.
Video Space heater
Operasi
Room heaters are powered by electricity or combustion of combustible fuels.
Electric room heaters fall into three main categories:
- Convection heaters skip electricity through a heating element, causing the heating element to heat up. These elements are made of metal or ceramic, and the whole process is called Joule heating. Furthermore, this heat is transferred into the air in the room by convection. Some heaters include fans to improve air circulation, while other heaters do not. For example, space heater containing oil has no fans.
- The infrared heater also skips electricity through a conductive wire, causing the wire to become very hot. However, most of the heat is transferred by radiant heating, and not by convection, in this type of space heater. The hot wire emits infrared rays that transfer heat directly to the solid surface, not the surrounding air.
- Heat pumps use the same process as refrigerators and air conditioners, but vice versa. While convective heaters and infrared actually make more heat than electricity, heat pumps only move hot locations. In the refrigerator, heat is transferred from the refrigerator to the room, cooling the food in the refrigerator. Similarly, heat pumps move heat from outside into the room, warm it up.
The combustion chamber heater operates by burning combustible fuels such as natural gas, kerosene, propane, or wood.
Maps Space heater
Convection heating
Many space heaters are used in residential applications using convective heating. It can be divided into two categories: one that has a fan to help spread warmth, and those who have no fans. Convection heaters are suitable to provide constant heat and spread in well-insulated spaces.
Convection with fan
Some convective heaters use fans to help distribute hot air around the room. This is one example of fan heater. This heater has a heating element made of metal or ceramic, and its elements are in direct contact with the air in the room. This setting allows the fan heater to warm the room faster than the fanless one.
Fanless Convection
The fanless convection heater is built so that the heating element is surrounded by oil or water. The heater warms the room more slowly because oil or water must be heated first, and then the heat can reach the surrounding air. However, this heater also produces heat that is more durable after being turned off because of the hot oil inside the heater.
The risk of fires and burns is sometimes less with oil-filled heaters than with fans, but not always. Some heaters assisted by fans have a lower risk of fire and burns than oil-filled heaters.
Heater radiator
The main advantage of radiation radiation is that the infrared radiation they produce is absorbed directly by clothing and skin, without first heating the air in space. This makes them suitable to warm people in a badly insulated room, or even outdoors. It also allows for longer distances between people and heaters.
Some of the earliest electrical heaters are radiation, which consists of Nichrome heating cables held by ceramic or mica insulation at the focal point of a polished (usually) polished reflector. The cost is very low because nothing else, not even a switch, is needed. Later models including wire guards prevent accidental contact with heating cables or hot ceramics.
But the metal reflector needed to measure is quite heavy, and if its size is reduced then the metal housing will become too hot to be safe. By the mid-20th century, the cheapest heater was radiation, but with heating cables stretched relatively close to the larger thin metal reflectors that were separated from thin metal houses. The small fan blows enough air between the housing and the reflector to cool it; the main output to the room is heat radiation and not hot air. Having a heating cable extending across a larger area means that less expensive ceramic insulators are needed, and smaller fans are cheaper than larger or heavier housing.
Quartz heaters are more efficient radiation heaters, in number and directionality of heating, using circular heating wires inside unsealed quartz tubes. Cables can operate at higher temperatures than practically with ceramic-supported cables or become thinner. If the heating element is at a higher temperature, then proportionately more energy is emitted compared to an open wire heater.
The halogen heater consists of a tungsten filament in a sealed quartz envelope, mounted in front of a metal reflector in a plastic box. They operate at higher temperatures than Nichrome wire heaters but are not as high as incandescent light bulbs, emitting mainly in the infrared spectrum. They convert up to 86% of their input power to radiant energy, losing the rest for conductive and convective heat. The halogen cycle reduces the darkening of the quartz envelope and extends the life of the filament.
Resources
Many of these space heaters, including radiators containing oil and natural stone heaters, are plugged into a power source, the most common being the electrical outlet. The power rating of equipment is measured in kW, which allows an easy approximate cost-per-hour operation, since energy is charged in kWh.
Security issues
Fire, fuel, and carbon monoxide poisoning are the main risks of space heating. About 25,000 fires are caused by space heaters in the United States each year, which cause about 300 deaths. In addition, about 6,000 emergency hospital visits are caused in the US per year by space heaters, mostly from burns after touching a heated surface heat.
Safe operation
Improper use may increase the risk of fire and burns. Safe operation includes certain suggestions:
- The space heater should be plugged directly into the wall or into a heavy duty cable with a 14-gauge wire or larger. Incorrect extension cords can cause a fire.
- Spark plugs and cables should be checked periodically for cracks or damage, and replaced if damaged.
- Flammable materials such as curtains, furniture, and bedding should be kept at least 3 feet from the heater.
- Turn off the heater when the last adult leaves the room or goes to bed. Children or pets should be kept 3 meters from the heater.
- Place the heater on a flat, hard, non-flammable surface.
- Avoid using heaters near combustible materials such as paint or gasoline.
- Smoke alarms and carbon monoxide detectors should be installed nearby.
Security features
No one type of heater (ie oil content) is safer than other types. The risk of fire and burns may vary depending on the model and manufacturer. However, lower surface temperatures generally reduce the risk of fire and burns. In addition, security features have been added to some, but not all, space heaters. This safety switch will turn off the heater if dangerous situation detected:
- The tip-over sensor detects if the device is no longer upright (often found in a halogen heater base).
- The thermal breaker switch detects whether the heating element is overheating.
- The airflow sensor detects whether an object is blocking a heater's exhaust.
Certification
In the United States, Underwriters Laboratories maintains the UL 1278 standard for portable electric room heaters, and UL 1042 for portable and fixed mains heater heaters. The Public Service Administration is used to maintain the W-H-193 Specifications for electric space heating, but this was canceled in 1995 which supports the UL standard. Additional information about portable heater safety can be found on the Energy Department's Energy Efficiency website.
Efficiency
The US Environmental Protection Agency has been evaluating various space heaters, but currently does not label any of them as ENERGY STAR qualified products.
See also
- Central heating
- District heating
- Electric heating
- Radiator
- The solar system
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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