hurricane channel , storm channel (US and Canada), surface/sewer lines (UK), or channel storm (Australia and New Zealand) is designed to drain excessive rainwater and groundwater from refractory surfaces such as paved roads, car parks, parking lots, walkways, sidewalks and roofs. The storm flow varies in the design from small residential wells to large urban systems.
The water channel receives water from road drains on most highways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas with high rainfall causing flooding, and coastal cities with ordinary storms. Even sewers from homes and buildings can connect to the storm channel. Many storm drainage systems are gravity channels that drain untreated rainwater to rivers or streams - so they can not pour hazardous substances into waterways.
Storm streams are often unable to control the quantity of rain that falls in heavy rain or storms. Stagnant waterways can cause dungeons and street floods. In many areas requires a containment tank inside the property that temporarily withstand the flow of water in heavy rain and restrict the flow of outlet to the public sewer. This reduces the risk of overflowing the public sewer. Some storms flow a stormwater mixture with waste, either intentionally in the case of a combined sewer, or accidentally.
Video Storm drain
Nomenklatur
Some related terms are used differently in American and English English:
Maps Storm drain
Function
Sign in
There are two main types of stormwater drain (a road drain or road drain in the UK): a side entrance and a ditch entrance. The inlet side is located adjacent to the sidewalk (sidewalk) and depends on the opening capability under the tombstone or lintel to capture the flow. They are usually depressed on channel invert channels to increase capture capacity.
Many of the entrance holes have a grille or grille to prevent people, vehicles, large objects or debris falling into the storm channel. The grate bar is spaced so that the flow of water is not inhibited, but the sediment and many small objects can also fall. However, if the bars are too far apart, openings may pose a risk to pedestrians, cyclists, and others around them. Grates with long narrow slots parallel to the flow of traffic are of particular concern to cyclists, as the bicycle's front tires can jam, causing cyclists to race over the handlebars or lose control and fall. Storm streams in the streets and parking areas should be strong enough to support the weight of vehicles, and often made of cast iron or reinforced concrete.
Some of the heavier sediments and small objects can settle on catchbasin, or sump, which lies just below the outlet, where water from the top of the catchbasin reservoir overflows into the proper gutter. The catchbasin serves many of the same functions as "traps" in household waste water pipes in trapping objects.
In the United States, unlike a pipe trap, catches do not always prevent exhaust gases like hydrogen sulfide and methane from escaping. However, in the United Kingdom, where they are called roll plates , they are designed as a trap full of water and block the way out of gas and rodents.
Most catchbasins contain stagnant water during the dry season of this year and can, in warm countries, become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Larvasida or annoying larvae hormones, sometimes released from "mosquito biscuits", have been used to control mosquito breeding in catchbasins. Mosquitoes can be physically prevented from reaching standing water or migrating to proper sewer by using "reverse cone filter". Another method of mosquito control is to spread a thin layer of oil on the stagnant water surface, disturbing the mosquito larvae breathing tube.
The performance of catchbasins in sediment discharges and other pollutants depends on catchbasin design (eg, bah size), and on routine maintenance to maintain available storage on the seams to capture sediment. The municipality usually has a large vacuum truck that does this task.
Catchbasins acts as first-line pretreatment for other treatment practices, such as retention basins, by capturing large sediments and road waste from urban runoff before entering a storm drainage pipe.
Piping
Pipes can come in different forms of cross-section (rectangle, square, bread-shaped bread, oval, inverted pear shaped, egg-shaped, and most common, circular). The drainage system may have many different features including waterfalls, staircases, balconies and holes to catch trash, sometimes called Gross Pollution Pollutants (GPT). Pipes made of different materials can also be used, such as bricks, concrete, high density polyethylene or galvanized steel. Fiber-reinforced plastics are being used more commonly for pipe and drain fittings.
Outlet
Most drainage channels have one large exit at their disposal point (often covered by gratings) into canals, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, seas or oceans. In addition to catchbasins, there is usually no maintenance facility in the piping system. Small storm channels can flow into individual dry wells. The storm stream can be interconnected using a slotted pipe, to create a larger dry well system. Storm flows can flow into manmade excavations known as recharge ponds or retention ponds.
Environmental impact
Quantity of water
The storm stream is often unable to regulate the quantity of rain that falls during heavy rains and/or storms. When storm channels are submerged, basement and street floods can occur. Unlike catastrophic flood events, this type of urban flood occurs in areas built where man-made drainage systems are common. Urban flooding is a major cause of backups of sewer and basement floods, which can affect properties repeatedly.
Clogged waterways also contribute to flooding due to obstruction of storm ducts. Communities or cities can help reduce this by cleaning the leaves of the storm channel to stop soaking or flooding into the yard. Snow in winter can also clog waterways when there is an unusual amount of rain in winter and snow is plowed over a storm channel.
Overflow to storm sewers can be minimized by including the sustainable urban drainage system (English term) or low impact development or green infrastructure (US term) into city ​​plans. To reduce the stormwater from the roof, flowing from the roof of the trough (rain gulls and downspouts) can be infiltrated to adjacent soil, rather than discharged into the storm drain system. The storm water runoff from the asphalt surface can be directed to a striped ditch (sometimes called swales or bioswales) before flowing into a storm sewer, again to allow the runoff to seep into the soil. Usable paving materials can be used to build sidewalks, driveways and in some cases, parking lots, to infiltrate some stormwater volumes.
Many regions require that the property has a containment tank that temporarily withstand the flow of rainwater, and limits the outflow of the outlet to the public sewer. This reduces the risk of overburdening the common sewer during heavy rains. Abundant outflow can also connect higher up the side of the tank holding outlet. This overflow prevents the holding tank from fully charging. The limited flow of water and temporarily retains water in a common containment tank in this way makes it much less likely to rain in a ditch.
Water quality
The first flush of urban runoff can be very dirty. Water storms can be contaminated while walking on the road or other resistant surfaces, or from run-off of the grass chemicals, before entering the sewer.
The water that flows on this penetrating surface tends to take gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, garbage and other pollutants from roadways and parking lots, as well as fertilizers and pesticides from the grass. Roads and parking lots are the main sources of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), made as a by-product of combustion of gasoline and other fossil fuels. Root runoff contributes to high quality organic and zinc compounds (from galvanized gutters). The use of fertilizer on lawns, parks and golf courses is a significant source of nitrates and phosphorus.
Unwanted splint separation can be achieved by installing the device in a storm drain system. This device is relatively new and can only be installed with new development or during major upgrades. They are referred to as oil-grit separator (OGS) or oil sediment separator (OSS). They consist of a special manhole space, and use the flow of water and/or gravity to separate oil and sand.
Mosquito breeding
Basin catches are generally designed with water reservoir areas below the level of outlet pipes - reservoirs for water and debris that help prevent pipe from clogging. Unless built on permeable grounds to let water infiltrate the underlying soil, this underground basin can be a breeding ground for mosquitoes, because it is cold, dark, and holds stagnant water for a long time. Combined with the standard grates, which have a large enough hole for mosquitoes to enter and leave the basin, this is a major problem in mosquito control.
The basin can be filled with concrete up to the pipe level to prevent this reservoir from forming. Without proper maintenance, the function of the basin is questionable, since the catch is most often not cleaned every year as necessary to make it function as designed. The trap of the debris has no purpose because once it is filled they operate as if there is no basin, but continue to allow a shallow water retention area for mosquito breeding. In addition, even if cleaned and maintained, water reservoirs remain filled, accommodating mosquito breeding.
Connection with sanitary sewer system
The storm stream is separate and different from the sanitary sewer system. The separation of sewerage from sanitary sewers helps prevent waste treatment plants becoming overwhelmed by infiltration during storms, which can dispose of untreated waste into the environment.
Many storm drainage systems drain unregulated rainwater into rivers or streams. Many local governments conduct public awareness campaigns on this subject, lest anyone dump waste into a storm drain system. In the city of Cleveland, Ohio, for example, all newly installed catch basins have inscriptions on it to not dispose of trash, and usually include a fish trail as well. Trout Unlimited Canada recommends that yellow fish symbols be painted next to existing rain water channels.
Combined sewer
Cities that installed their waste collection systems prior to the 1930s typically used a single piping system to transport urban runoff and waste. This type of collection system is referred to as a combined exhaust system (CSS). The reason the city when the combined sewer is built is that it would be cheaper to build just one system. In this system, a sudden large rainfall that exceeds the waste treatment capacity is allowed to overflow directly from the storm channel to the receiving water through a structure called combined drainage dump .
Hurricane ducts are usually at shallower depths than joint sewers; because, while the storm channel is designed to receive surface runoff from the roads, the combined sewer is designed to also accept the waste stream from the building with the crypt.
The cities of New York, Washington DC, Seattle and other cities with combined systems have this problem because of the large influx of storm water after every heavy rain. Some cities have overcome it by adding large storage tanks or ponds to hold water until they can be treated. Chicago has a tunnel system, collectively called Deep Tunnel, under the city to store its stormwater. Many areas require detention tanks or roof retaining systems that temporarily withstand heavy rainwater flows and restrict the flow of outlets to public sewers. This reduces the risk of overflowing the public sewer in the pouring rain. Abundant outflow can also connect higher up the side of the tank holding outlet. This overflow prevents the holding tank from fully charging. By limiting the flow of water in this way and temporarily retaining water in a containment tank or with a roof retention, the general sewer tends to not overflow.
Local building codes and codes
Building codes and local government regulations vary widely in handling storm drainage runoff. New developments may be needed to build their own storm exhaust processing capacity to restore surface runoff and bioswales may be needed in sensitive ecological areas to protect watersheds.
In the United States, cities, suburban communities and cities with more than 10,000 residents are required to obtain discharge permits for their storm sewer systems, under the Clean Water Act. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) passed a stormwater regulation for major cities in 1990 and for other communities in 1999. The permits require local governments to operate stormwater management programs, including construction of new buildings and facilities, and maintenance of existing city drainage networks.. Many municipalities have revised their local regulations covering runoff management. State government facilities, such as roads and highways, are also subject to stormwater management regulations. Many local municipalities have commercial and residential rainwater management governance that requires builders to design and implement approved systems.
Example
Southeastern Los Angeles County installed thousands of stainless steel, garbage-catching devices in their roadways in 2011.
Exploration
The international subculture grows around the storm's hurricane exploration. Communities like the Glan Clan regularly explore the waterways below the city. This is commonly known as "urban exploration", but is also known as draining when in a special relationship with the storm channel.
Residence
In some big cities in America, homeless people live in storm sewers. At least 300 people live in the 200-mile Las Vegas underground storm channel, many of whom earn a living to find unclaimed winnings in the gambling machines. An organization called Shine a Light was founded in 2009 to help drain the population after more than 20 drowning deaths occurred in previous years. A man in San Diego was expelled from a storm channel after living there for nine months in 1986.
History
Archaeological studies have revealed the use of a rather sophisticated stormwater runoff system in ancient cultures. For example, in Minoan Crete about 4000 years before now, cities like Phaistos are designed to have storm channels and channels to collect rainfall runoff. In Cretan Knossos, the storm channel includes a stone structure large enough for a person to pass. Other examples of early civilizations with elements of the stormwater drain system include those early Orkney Mainlanders such as Gurness and Brough of Birsay in Scotland.
Gallery
See also
- Urban runoff
- Water pollution
- Transparent concrete path
References
External links
- EPA - Combined Joint Channel
- EPA Storm Drain Stenciling Project Guidelines
- 7 Steps to Clean Water from the Great Lakes Green Initiative (examples of local public awareness programs)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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