The Macintosh operating system family developed by Apple Inc. includes a graphical user interface-based operating system that has been designed for use with Macintosh personal computer series since 1984, as well as related system software once created for compatible third party systems.
In 1984, Apple debuted an operating system now known as "Classical" Mac OS with the launch of the original Macintosh System Software. The system, renamed "Mac OS" in 1996, was installed on every Macintosh until 2002 and was offered on Macintosh clones for a short time in the 1990s. Noted for its ease of use, it was also criticized for lack of modern technology compared to its competitors.
The current Mac operating system is macos , originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and then "OS X" until 2016. Developed between 1997 and 2001 after Apple's purchase of NeXT, Mac OS X brings the entire architecture based on NeXTSTEP, the Unix system, which eliminates many of the technical challenges facing the classic Mac OS. MacOS is now preinstalled with every Mac and updated annually. This is the basis of Apple's current system software for other devices, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.
Before the introduction of Mac OS X, Apple experimented with several other concepts, releasing different products designed to bring a Macintosh interface or app to a Unix-like system or vice versa, A/UX, MAE, and MkLinux. Apple's efforts to expand and develop a replacement for the classic Mac OS in the 1990s led to several canceled projects, coded as Star Trek, Taligent, and Copland.
Despite having different architectures, the Macintosh operating system shares a common set of GUI principles, including the menu bar at the top of the screen; shell Finder, displays desktop metaphors that represent files and apps using icons and link concepts such as directories and file deletions to real-world objects such as folders and bins; and overlapping windows for multitasking.
Video Macintosh operating systems
OS Mac Klasik
Mac OS "classic" is the original Macintosh operating system introduced in 1984 with the first Macintosh and remains the mainstay in March until 2001.
Apple released the original Macintosh on January 24, 1984; the system software was originally partly based on Lisa OS and Xerox PARC Alto's computer, which former Apple CEO Steve Jobs previewed. Originally called "System Software", or simply "System"; Apple withdrew it as "Mac OS" in 1996 due to a Macintosh mock program that ended a year later.
Mac OS is characterized by its monolithic system. It was noted as easy to use and featured multitasking cooperatives for most of its history, but was criticized for its limited memory management, lack of protected memory and access control, and vulnerability to conflicts between extensions.
Release
Nine major versions of the classic Mac OS were released. The "Classical" name now signifies the system as a whole is a reference to the compatibility layer that helps ease the transition to Mac OS X.
- Macintosh System Software - "System 1", released in 1984
- System Software 2, 3, and 4 - released between 1985 and 1987
- Software System 5 - released in 1987
- Software System 6 - released in 1988
- System 7/Mac OS 7.6 - released in 1991
- Mac OS 8 - released in 1997
- Mac OS 9 - the last major version, released in 1999
Maps Macintosh operating systems
Mac OS X/OS X/macOS
macOS (originally named "Mac OS X" until 2012 and then "OS X" until 2016) is the current Mac operating system that officially replaces the classic Mac OS in 2001.
Although the system was originally marketed only as "version 10" of Mac OS, it has a history largely independent of the classic Mac OS. This is a Unix-based operating system built in NeXTSTEP and other technologies developed at NeXT from the late 1980s to early 1997, when Apple bought the company and its CEO Steve Jobs returned to Apple. Precursors for genuine Mac OS X releases include OpenStep, Apple's Rhapsody project, and Mac OS X Public Beta.
macOS utilizes the BSD code base and the XNU kernel, and its main component set is based on Apple's open source Darwin operating system.
Release
Desktop
The first desktop version of the system was released on March 24, 2001, supporting Aqua's user interface. Since then, several versions added more features and newer technologies have been released. Since 2011, new releases have been offered every year.
- Mac OS X 10.0 - code name "Cheetah", released in 2001
- Mac OS X 10.1 - code name "Puma", released in 2001
- Mac OS X 10.2 - also marketed as "Jaguar", released in 2002
- Mac OS X Panther - version 10.3, released in 2003
- Mac OS X Tiger - version 10.4, released in 2005
- Mac OS X Leopard - version 10.5, released in 2007
- Mac OS X Snow Leopard - version 10.6, released in 2009
- Mac OS X Lion - version 10.7, released in 2011
- OS X Mountain Lion - version 10.8, released in 2012
- OS X Mavericks - version 10.9, released in 2013
- OS X Yosemite - version 10.10, released in 2014
- OS X El Capitan - version 10.11, released in 2015
- Sierra macOS - version 10.12, released in 2016
- High Sierra macos - version 10.13, released in 2017
- Mojave macos - version 10.14, will be released in 2018
Server
The initial server system version of this system was released in 1999 as a technology preview. This is followed by some more official server-based releases. The server function has been offered as an add-on for desktop systems since 2011.
- Mac OS X Server 1.0 - code name "Hera", released in 1999
- MacOS Server - some releases since 2001
More projects
Shipped
A/ROSE
Apple's Real-Time Operating System Environment (A/ROSE) is a small, embedded operating system running on the Macintosh Coprocessor Platform, expansion card for Macintosh. The idea is to offer a specially designed "hardware platform" where third-party vendors can build virtually any product, reducing the heavy workload of developing NuBus-based expansion cards. The first version of the system was ready for use in February 1988.
A/UX
In 1988, Apple released the first Unix-based OS, A/UX, which is a Unix operating system with the look and feel of Mac OS. It's not too competitive for the time, partly because of the bustling Unix market and Macintosh hardware that lacks the high-end design features present in workstation class computers. A/UX has largely succeeded in selling to the US government, where POSIX compliance is a requirement that Mac OS can not fulfill.
MAE
The Macintosh Application Environment (MAE) is a software package introduced by Apple in 1994 that allows users of certain Unix-based computer workstations to run Apple Macintosh application software. MAE uses the X Window System to emulate the Macintosh Finder-style graphical user interface. The latest version, MAE 3.0, is compatible with System 7.5.3. MAE is available for Sun Microsystems SPARCstation and Hewlett-Packard systems. It was discontinued on May 14, 1998.
MkLinux
Announced at the 1996 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), MkLinux is an open source operating system started by OSF Research Institute and Apple in February 1996 to port Linux to the PowerPC platform, and thus to Macintosh computers. In the summer of 1998, the community-led MkLinux Development Association took over the development of the operating system. MkLinux stands for "Microkernel Linux," which refers to the project adaptation of the Linux kernel to run as a server hosted on top of Mach microkernel. MkLinux is based on version 3.0 Mach.
Canceled
Star Trek
Star Trek (as in "to dare to go where no Mac was before") is a relatively unknown secret prototype started in 1992, whose goal is to create a version of the classic Mac OS that will run on Intel x86-compatible personal computers. In partnership with Apple and with support from Intel, the project was instigated by Novell, who wanted to integrate DR-DOS with Mac OS GUI in mutual response to Microsoft Windows 3.0 and MS-DOS monopolies. A team of four from Apple and four from Novell managed to get a Macintosh Finder and some basic applications like QuickTime, running smoothly on the x86 architecture. The project was canceled a year later in early 1993, but some code was reused later when porting Mac OS to PowerPC.
Taligent
Taligent (portmanteau "talent" and "intelligent") is the name of an object-oriented operating system and a company dedicated to producing it. Started as a project within Apple to provide a classic Mac OS replacement, then split into a joint venture with IBM as part of the AIM alliance, with the aim of building a competing platform for Microsoft Cairo and NeXTSTEP. The development process has never worked, and Taligent is often cited as an example of a death mars project. Apple withdrew from the project in 1995 before the code was delivered.
Copland
Copland is a project at Apple to create the latest version of the classic Mac OS. It has introduced protected memory, preemptive multitasking and a number of new underlying operating system features, but is still compatible with existing Mac software. As originally planned, an advanced release known as "Gershwin" will add multithreading and other advanced features. New features are added faster than can be completed, and the completion date slips into the future without any sign of release. In 1996, Apple decided to cancel the project directly and found a suitable third-party system to replace it. The development of Copland ended in August 1996, and in December 1996, Apple announced that it was buying NeXT for the NeXTSTEP operating system.
Timeline
Related systems
Prior to the arrival of the Macintosh in 1984, the history of Apple's operating system began with the Apple II series of computers in 1977, running Apple DOS, ProDOS, and then GS/OS; Apple III in 1980, running Apple SOS; and Apple Lisa in 1983, which runs Lisa OS and then MacWorks XL, a Macintosh emulator. Apple also developed Newton OS for his personal Newton personal assistant from 1993 to 1997.
In recent years, Apple has also launched several new operating systems based on the core of macOS, including iOS in 2007 for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch mobile devices; watchOS in 2015 for Apple Watch; and TVOS in 2015 for Apple TV set-top box.
See also
- Comparison of operating system
- History of graphical user interface
- Macintosh
- List of Macintosh software
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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