The standard organization, standard body , development organization standards ( SDO ), or default setting organization ( SSO ) is an organization whose activities primarily develop, coordinate, disseminate, revise, modify, republish, interpret, or produce technical standards intended to meet the needs of a group of people. the affected adopters.
Most standards are voluntary in the sense that they are offered for adoption by a person or industry without being mandated by law. Some standards become mandatory when they are adopted by the regulator as a legal requirement in a particular domain.
The term formal standard refers specifically to the specifications approved by the standard setting organization. The de jure standard term refers to the standards mandated by legal requirements or refers generally to any formal standard. By contrast, the term de facto standard refers to a specification (or protocol or technology) that has achieved widespread use and acceptance - often without approval by the standard organization (or accepting the approval only after it has already achieved use large). Examples of de facto standards not approved by standard organizations (or at least not approved until after they are widely used de facto ) include Hayes command sets developed by Hayes, Apple TrueType font design and PCL protocol used by Hewlett-Packard in the computer printers they produce.
Normally, the term standard organization is not used to refer to individuals participating in a standard development organization in the capacity of founders, donors, stakeholders, members or contributors, who can function as a standard organization.
Video Standards organization
History
Standardization
Standard implementation in industry and trade becomes very important with the commencement of the Industrial Revolution and the need for high precision machine tools and interchangeable parts. Henry Maudslay developed the first practical industrial lathe-cut lathe in 1800, allowing it to standardize the screw thread size for the first time.
Maudslay's work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, achieved a simple industry standard; some in-house corporate standards are spreading slightly in their industry. The screw-screw measurement of Joseph Whitworth was adopted as the first national standard (unofficial) by the company across the country in 1841. It came to be known as Whitworth Standard UK, and was widely adopted in other countries.
Initial default organization
By the end of the nineteenth century the standard distinction between companies made trade increasingly difficult and tense. For example, an iron and steel trader notes his displeasure at The Times: "Architects and engineers generally determine the type of unnecessary sectional material or given jobs such as economical and continuous making becomes impossible. there are two professionals who agreed on the size and weight of the girder to be employed for the given job ".
The Technical Standards Committee was established in London in 1901 as the first national standard body in the world. It later extended the standardization work and became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting the name of the British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving the Royal Charter in 1929. National standards were universally adopted across the country, and allowed the market to act more rationally. and efficient, with increased cooperation.
After the First World War, similar national bodies were established in other countries. The Deutsches Institut fÃÆ'¼r Normung was founded in Germany in 1917, followed by his colleagues, the American National Standard Institute and the French Commission Permanente de Standardization, both in 1918.
International organization
In the mid to late 19th century, efforts were being made to standardize electrical measurements. An important figure is R. E. B. Crompton, who became concerned with the different standards and systems used by electronics engineering companies and scientists in the early 20th century. Many companies had entered the market in the 1890s and all chose their own arrangements for the voltage, frequency, current and even symbols used on circuit diagrams. The adjacent buildings will have a completely incompatible electrical system simply because they have been installed by different companies. Crompton can see the lack of efficiency in this system and begin to consider proposals for international standards for electrical engineering.
In 1904, Crompton represented England at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. Louis, Missouri, as part of a delegation by the Institute of Electrical Engineers. He presented a paper on standardization, which was so well received that he was asked to look into establishing a commission to oversee the process. In 1906 his work was completed and he drafted a permanent constitution for the first international standards organization, the International Electrotechnical Commission. The body held its first meeting of the year in London, with representatives from 14 countries. In honor of his contribution to electrical standardization, Lord Kelvin was elected the body's first president.
The International Federation of the National Standardization Association (ISA) was established in 1926 with broader authority to enhance international cooperation for all technical standards and specifications. The body was suspended in 1942 during World War II.
After the war, ISA was approached by the newly established UN Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to establish a new global standards body. In October 1946, the ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the New International Organization for Standardization (ISO); the new organization officially began operation in February 1947.
Maps Standards organization
Overview
Standard organizations can be classified by their role, position, and extent in the local, national, regional, and global standardization arena.
With geographical designation, there are international, regional, and national standards bodies (the latter often referred to as NSBs). With technology or industrial designation, there are evolving organizational standards (SDOs) as well as standard setting organizations (SSOs) also known as consortiums. Standard organizations may be governmental, semi-governmental or non-governmental entities. Quasi and non-governmental standards organizations are often nonprofit organizations.
Organization of international standards
In general, international standards organizations develop international standards. (This need not limit the use of other internationally published standards.)
There are many international standards organizations. The three largest and most established organizations are the International Organization for Standardization, the International Electrotechnical Commission, and the International Telecommunication Union, each of which has existed for more than 50 years (founded in 1947, 1906, and 1865, respectively) and all based in Geneva, Switzerland. They have set tens of thousands of standards covering almost all possible topics. Many of these are then adopted around the world replacing incompatible "homegrown" standards. Many of these standards naturally evolve from those designed in-house within the industry, or by certain countries, while others have been built from scratch by a group of experts sitting on various technical committees (TCs). These three organizations together comprise the World Standards Cooperation (WSC) alliance.
ISO consists of a national standard body (NSB), one per member of the economy. The IEC also consists of a national committee, one per member of the economy. In some cases, the national committee for the IEC of an economy may also become an ISO member of that country or economy. ISO and IEC are private international organizations not formed by international treaties. Their members may be non-governmental organizations or government agencies, such as those chosen by ISO and IEC (which are privately-founded organizations).
The ITU is an agreement-based organization established as a permanent agency of the United Nations, where the government is a key member, although other organizations (such as non-governmental organizations and individual companies) may also hold a direct membership form in ITU as well. Another example of an international standards-based organization agreement with government membership is the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
In addition to this, a large number of independent international standards organizations such as ASME, ASTM International, IEEE, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), SAE International, TAPPI, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and Universal Postal Union (UPU) develop and publish standards for various international uses. In many cases, these international standards organizations are not based on the principle of one member per country. In contrast, membership in such an organization is open to those interested in joining and willing to approve the organization's articles of association - having either an organization expert or an individual technical expert as a member.
The Aeronautical Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) was formed in 1949 to prepare avionics system engineering standards with other aviation organizations RTCA, EUROCAE, and ICAO. This standard is widely known as ARINC Standard.
Organization of regional standards
Regional standards bodies also exist, such as the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and the Institute of Reference and Measurement Materials (IRMM) in Europe, the Pacific Regional Standards Congress (PASC), Pan Standard Committee of America (COPANT), African Organization for Standardization (ARSO), Arab industry development and mining organization (AIDMO), and others.
In the EU, only standards made by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI are recognized as European standards , and Member States are required to notify the European Commission and each other of all draft technical regulations on ICT products and services before adoption in national law. These rules are set out in Directive 98/34/EC with the aim of providing transparency and control with respect to technical regulations.
Sub-regional standard organizations also exist such as the MERCOSUR Standardization Association (AMN), the CARICOM Regional Organization for Standards and Quality (CROSQ), and the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and Quality (ACCSQ), EAC East Africa Standards Committee www.eac -quality.net , and the GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) for Arab States in the Persian Gulf.
National standard body
In general, each country or economy has a recognized national standards body (NSB). National standards bodies may be the only members of the economy in the ISO; ISO currently has 161 members. National standards bodies usually do not prepare technical content standards, which are developed by the national technical community.
The NSB can be a public or private sector organization, or a combination of both. For example, the Canadian Standards Board is the Canadian Crown Corporation, DirecciÃÆ'³n General de Normas is a government institution within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, and ANSI is a 501 (c) (3) US nonprofit organization with members from both organizations. the private and public sectors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the US government standard body, is working with ANSI under a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on the US Standard Strategy. The determination of whether an NSB for a given economy is a public or private sector agency can include the historical and traditional role that the private sector fills in public affairs in that economy or the stage of economic development.
Embedded organizational standards (SDOs)
Whereas, the term national standards body (NSB) generally refers to a standardized one-to-state organization that is a member of the state of ISO, the term standard development organization (SDO) generally refers on thousands of industry standard organizations or sectors that develop and publicize industry-specific standards. Some economies only feature NSBs without other SDOs. Large economies like the United States and Japan have several hundred SDOs, many of which are coordinated by each country's NSB centers (ANSI and JISC in this case). In some cases, international industrial-based SDOs such as the IEEE and Audio Engineering Society (AES) may have direct links with international standards organizations, have inputs to international standards without going through national standards bodies. SDO is distinguished from standard setting organizations (SSOs) in SDOs that can be accredited to develop standards using open and transparent processes.
Work scope
Developers of technical standards generally care about interface standards, detailing how products interconnect with each other, and security standards, which establish the characteristics of ensuring that products or processes are safe for humans, animals, and the environment. The subject of their work can be narrow or broad. Another area of ​​interest is in defining how product behavior and performance are measured and described in the data sheet.
Overlapping or competing standards bodies tend to cooperate deliberately, by trying to define boundaries between their scope of work, and by operating hierarchically within the national, regional and international scope; international organizations tend to have members as national organizations; and standards emerging at the national level (such as BS 5750) can be adopted at the regional level (BS 5750 adopted as EN 29000) and at international level (BS 5750 adopted as ISO 9000).
Unless adopted by the government, standards do not carry the force of law. However, most jurisdictions have the truth in advertising laws, and ambiguity can be reduced if the company offers products that "fit" with the standard.
Standard development process
When an organization develops standards that can be used openly, it is common to have formal rules published about the process. This may include:
- Who is allowed to vote and provide feedback on new or revised standards
- What is a formal step-by-step process
- How biases and commercial interests are handled
- How negative a sound or voice mail is handled
- What type of consensus is required
While it can be a tedious and lengthy process, setting formal standards is essential for developing new technologies. For example, since 1865, the telecommunications industry relies on ITU to set telecommunication standards that have been adopted around the world. ITU has created various telecommunication standards including telegraph specifications, telephone number allocations, interference protection, and protocols for various communication technologies. Standards created through standard organizations lead to improved product quality, ensuring competitor product interoperability, and they provide a technology base for future product research and development. The formal standard setting through standard organization has many benefits for consumers including innovation improvement, some market participants, reduction of production cost, and efficiency effect of product exchange.
Standard distribution and copyright
Some standards - such as the SIF Specification in K12 education - are managed by a non-profit organization consisting of public entities and private entities working in cooperation which then publish standards under an open license at no cost and require no registration.
Technical libraries at the university may have a copy of the technical standard at hand. Major libraries in major cities may also have access to many technical standards.
Some standard users mistakenly assume that all standards are in the public domain. This assumption is true only for standards produced by the central government whose publications can not accept copyright or organizations that publish their standards under an open license. Any standard generated by a non-governmental entity remains the intellectual property of their developer (unless specifically designed otherwise) and protected, as well as other publications, by copyright law and international treaties. However, intellectual property extends only to the standard itself and not its use. For example, if a company sells a device that complies with a given standard, it is not liable for further payments to standard organizations except in special cases where the organization holds patents or some other proprietary intellectual property described in the standard.
However, it is responsible for any patent infringement by its implementation, just as any other application of technology. Standards organizations do not guarantee that patents relevant to a particular standard have been identified. The ISO standard draws this attention in the preface with the following statement: "Attention is interested in the possibility that some elements of this document may be the subject of the patent ISO and IEC shall not be liable to identify or all such patents". If standard organizations are aware that part of the standard given falls under patent protection, it will often sue the patent holder to approve a reasonable and non-discriminatory permission before putting it in the standard. Such agreements are considered legally binding contracts, as in the case of 2012 Microsoft v. Motorola .
Trends
The rapid pace of technological evolution is now increasingly influencing the way new standards are proposed, developed, and implemented.
Since traditional, widely respected standards organizations tend to operate at a slower pace than emerging technologies, many of the standards they develop become less relevant due to the inability of their developers to keep up with technological innovation. As a result, a new class of predefined standards emerges in the standardization arena: industry consortium or standard setting organization (SSO). Despite having limited financial resources, some of them enjoy international acceptance. One example is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), whose standards for HTML, CSS, and XML are universally used. There are also community-based associations such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a worldwide network of volunteers who collaborate to set standards for low-level software solutions.
Some industry-driven standard development efforts do not even have formal organizational structures. They are projects funded by big companies. Among them is OpenOffice.org, an international volunteer community sponsored by the Foundation Software Foundation that works on open-standard software that aims to compete with Microsoft Office, and two commercial groups compete with each other to develop industry standards for high-density optical storage.
See also
- Coordinate game
- List of technical standards organizations
- Fair and non-discriminatory license
- Technical standards
- Organization of transport standards
References
External links
- ANSI: standard development organization directory
- CEN: a standard consortium for information and communication technology
- NIST: global standard information
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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