One World Trade Center (also known as 1 World Trade Center , 1 WTC or Freedom Tower ) is the main building a redeveloped World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is the tallest building in the western hemisphere, and the sixth highest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. New skyscrapers stand in the northwest corner of the 16-acre (6.5Ã, ha) World Trade Center Site, on the site of 6 original World Trade Center. The building is bordered by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.
The architect of the building is David Childs, whose company Skidmore, Owings & amp; Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of underground relocation, foundations, and foundations for new buildings began on 27 April 2006. One World Trade Center became the highest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it exceeded the top of the Empire State Building. The steel structure of the tower was peaked on August 30, 2012. On May 10, 2013, the final component of the building's ceiling tower was installed, making the building, including the top of the tower, reaching a total height of 1776 feet (541 m). His altitude on foot was a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. Building opened on 3 November 2014; One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.
On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) confirmed that the building would be officially known as "One World Trade Center" instead of the daily name "Freedom Tower". The building has 104 standard floors, but the tower has only 94 actual floors.
The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the September 11th National Memorial & amp; The museum, located right next to One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stands. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to commemorate and rebuild after the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex. The original building < (1970-2001)
Construction
The construction of the World Trade Center, where the Twin Towers (One and Two World Trade Centers) is the center, is conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. This project is intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan. The project is planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which employs Minoru Yamasaki architect. Yamasaki came up with the idea of ​​building twin towers. After long negotiations, the governments of New Jersey and New York, which oversee the Port Authority, approved the construction of the World Trade Center on Radio Row's website, located in west-western Manhattan. To satisfy the New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to purchase Hudson & amp; Manhattan Railroad (renamed Port Authority Trans-Hudson), which transports commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan.
The tower is designed as a framed tube structure, providing an open floor tenant plan, obstructed by columns or walls. This design is achieved by using many close-perimeter columns, providing many structural forces, with gravity loads divided by core columns. The elevator system, which utilizes the sky lobby and express and local elevator systems, allows large floor space for office use by making smaller structural cores. The design and construction of the tower involves many other innovative techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments and porridge walls to dig foundations.
Construction of the North Tower (One World Trade Center) began in August 1966; Extensive use of prefabricated components speeds up the construction process. The first tenants moved to the North Tower in December 1970. In the 1970s, four other low-rise buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex. The seventh building was built in the mid-1980s.
Specifications and operations
After the Seven World Trade Centers built in the 1980s, the World Trade Center complex has a total of seven buildings; but the most prominent are the major Twin Towers built in the 1970s - One World Trade Center is the North Tower, and the Two World Trade Center is the South Tower. Each tower is over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupies about 1 hectare (0.40 ha) out of a total of 16 hectares (6.5 hectares) of site land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why are two 110-storey buildings? Why are there no 220-storey buildings?" The answer is, "I do not want to lose the human scale."
When it was completed in 1972, One World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building, which has held the record for 40 years. The North Tower has a height of 1,368 feet (417 m), and in 1978, a telecommunication antenna was added to the top of the roof; by itself, the antenna is 360 feet (110 m) high. With a 360-foot (110 m) antenna-point, the highest point of the North Tower reaches 1,728 feet (527 m). The tower keeps its record for a short time; The Chicago Sears Tower, completed in May 1973 , is 1,450 feet (440 m) on the roof. At 110 floors, the World Trade Center tower has more floors than any other building at that time. This amount is not exceeded until the construction of Burj Khalifa (163 floors), which opened in 2010.
Of the 110 stories, eight are set aside for mechanical flooring (7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which are four floors of two areas that are spaced on buildings in even intervals. All floors are left open for tenants. Each floor of the tower has 40,000 square feet (3,700 m 2 ) of available space. The North and South Tower has 3,800,000 square feet (350,000m 2 ) of total office space. The entire complex of seven buildings has a total of 13,400,000 square feet (1.240.000 m 2 ) office space.
Initially the complex failed to attract the expected clients. During the early years, various government organizations became the main tenants of the World Trade Center, such as the State of New York. In the 1980s, the fragile state of the city's finances subsided, after which more private companies - most of Wall Street-linked financial firms - became tenants. During the 1990s, about 500 companies had offices in the compound, including financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, and Salomon Brothers. Concourse basement World Trade Center including The Mall at World Trade Center, and a PATH station. The North Tower became Cantor Fitzgerald's corporate headquarters, and also became the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
The tower power service is supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. Electricity passes through the World Trade Center Main Distribution Center (PDC), and then sends the building's core to an electrical substation located on the mechanical floor. The substations lower the primary voltage 13,800 to 480/277 volts, and the voltage is then lowered to 208/120 volts for general power and lighting services. The complex is also served by emergency generators located on the sub-level towers and on the roof of the Five World Trade Center.
The 110th floor of the World Trade Center houses the radio and television transmission equipment. The North Tower roof contains a variety of transmission antennas, including a 360-foot (110 m) center post, rebuilt by Dielectric Inc. to support DTV in 1999. The mast center contains television signals for virtually all NYC television broadcasters: WCBS-TVÃ,2, WNBC -TVÃ, 4, WNYWÃ, 5, WABC-TVÃ, 7, WWOR-TVÃ,9 Secaucus, WPIXÃ,11, WNETÃ,13 Newark, WPXN-TVÃ, 31, and WNJUÃ,47 Linden. It also has four NYC FM broadcasters: WPAT-FMÃ, 93.1, WNYCÃ, 93.9, WKCRÃ, 89.9, and WKTUÃ, 103.5. Access to the roof is controlled by the WTC Operations Control Center (OCC), located on the B1 level of the South Tower. After the September 11, 2001, broadcasting equipment for radio and television stations were transferred to the Empire State Building.
On a typical business day, a combined total of 50,000 people work in the North and South Tower, with another 200,000 passing through it as visitors. The complex is so large that it has its own zip code: 10048. The Windows on the World restaurant, located on top of the North Tower, reported revenue of $ 37 million in 2000, making it the best-selling restaurant in the United States. Twin Towers began to be known around the world, appearing in movies, television shows, postcards, and other merchandise. The towers were seen as New York City icons, similar to the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and the Statue of Liberty.
Incident
On February 13, 1975, three alarm fires occurred on the 11th floor of the North Tower. The fire spread through the core of the building to the 9th and 14th floors, because the insulation for the telephone cord, located in the utility shaft that runs vertically between the floors, has been switched on. The areas most affected by the fires were immediately extinguished, and the original fire was extinguished within hours. Most of the damage occurred on the 11th floor, where the fire was triggered by a cabinet full of paper, alcohol-based liquids for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protects steel, and there is no structural damage to the tower. In addition to the fire damage on floors 9 and 14, the water used to extinguish the fire damaged several floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center complex did not have a sprinkler system.
The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 pm, when a Ryder truck loaded with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, was detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower. The blast produced a 100 foot (30 m) hole through five sublevels. The greatest damage occurs at levels B1 and B2, with significant structural damage at the B3 level. Six people were killed, and more than a thousand people were injured, as 50,000 workers and visitors were inside the tower at the time. Many people inside the North Tower are forced to walk under dark staircases that do not have emergency lights, and some people need two or more hours to achieve safety.
September 11th Attack
At 8:46 am (EDT) on September 11, 2001, five al Qaeda-affiliated pirates crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the north facade of the North Tower. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:00 pm (EDT), the second terrorist group crashed the hijacked United Airlines 175 plane into the south of the South Tower, striking between the 77th and 85th floors.
At 09:59 (EDT), the South Tower collapsed after being burned for about 56 minutes. After being burned for 102 minutes, the North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 am (EDT). When the North Tower collapses, the debris falls on the nearest 7 World Trade Centers, destroying it and starting a fire. The fire burns for hours, sacrificing the structural integrity of the building. Seven World Trade Centers collapsed at 5:21 pm (EDT).
Together with the simultaneous attacks on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the hijacking of failed aircraft resulting in a plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the attack resulted in 2,996 deaths (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and 19 hijackers). More than 90% of workers and visitors who died in the tower have reached or above the impact point. In the North Tower, 1,355 people were at or above the point of impact trapped, and died from inhaling smoke, falling, jumping from towers to avoid smoke and fire, or were killed when the building finally collapsed. One staircase in the South Tower, A Staircase, is somehow spared from total destruction, unlike any other building. When Flight 11 hit, all three of the stairs in the North Tower above the impact zone were destroyed, making it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact also died.
Video One World Trade Center
Current building
Initial planning and development
After the destruction of the original World Trade Center, there was a debate about the future of World Trade Center sites. There were proposals for reconstruction almost immediately, and in 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation has organized a competition to determine how to use the site. The proposal is part of a larger plan to commemorate the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex. When the public rejected the first round of design, the second, more open competition occurred in December 2002, in which the design by Daniel Libeskind was elected as the winner. The design underwent many revisions, mainly due to a dispute with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site at the time.
There is criticism about the limited number of floors devoted to office space and other facilities in the original plan. Only 82 floors will be occupied, and the total office space of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex will be reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m 2 ) compared to the original compound. Floor boundaries are imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that a higher floor would be held accountable in case of future terrorist attacks or other incidents. Most of the height of the building will consist of a large open steel grating structure on the roof of the tower, which contains wind turbines and "sky garden". In subsequent designs, the highest floor that can be occupied becomes comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the open air grid is removed from the plan. In 2002, former New York governor George Pataki faced allegations of cronyism for allegedly using his influence to get the design of the winning architect chosen as personal aid for his friend and campaign's contributor, Ron Lauder.
The final design for the "Freedom Tower" was officially inaugurated on June 28, 2005. To address security concerns raised by the New York City Police Department, the 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added to the design in April of that year. The initial design included a plan to wrap the base in a glass prism to overcome the criticism that the building may look unattractive and resembles a "concrete bunker". However, the prism is then found unworkable, as preliminary tests reveal that prismatic glass is easily crushed into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it was replaced with a simple facade consisting of stainless steel panels and explosion-proof glass.
In contrast to Libeskind's initial plan, the final design of the tower narrows octagonally as it rises. Its designers declared that the tower would be "a monolithic glass structure that reflects the sky and topped by sculptured antennas." In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on the planned completion date: "In 2012 we must have a World Trade Center that has been rebuilt, more magnificent, more spectacular than ever." On April 26, 2006, the Port Authorities of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that allowed the foundation construction to begin. An official agreement was drafted the following day, the 75th anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. Construction started in May; the groundbreaking ceremony was performed when the first construction team arrived.
Next construction and development
The symbolic foundation of One World Trade Center was put into a ceremony on July 4, 2004. It has an inscription that should have been written by Arthur J. Finkelstein. However, construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money, security and design. The final big issue was resolved on 26 April 2006, when a deal was made between developers Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, so the temporary foundation was removed from the site on June 23, 2006. Soon after, explosives were detonated at a construction site for two month to clear the foundation of the building, where 400 cubic meters (310 cubic meters) of concrete was poured in November 2007.
On December 18, 2006, a ceremony held near Battery Park City, a community member was invited to sign the first 30 feet (9.1 m) steel block installed at the building's base. It was welded to the base building on December 19, 2006. The foundation and steel installation began shortly thereafter, so the foundation of the tower and foundation was almost completed within a year.
In January 2008, two cranes were transferred to the site. The construction of a tower core concrete, which begins after the crane arrives, reaches the street level on May 17. However, the construction of the base was not completed until two years later, after the construction of the office floor began, and the first glass window was then installed; during 2010, the floor was built at a rate of about one per week. A sophisticated "cocoon" scaffolding system is installed to protect workers from falling, and is the first security system installed on steel structures in the city. The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet (180 m) tall in December 2010. The tower's steel frame was half full at the time, but grew to 82 floors on the tenth anniversary of the 11 September attacks, by which time its concrete floor had reached 72 floor and cladding glass has reached 56 floors.
In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official name of the building from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center", stating that this name is "the easiest to identify by people." The change came after the Port Authority board member decided to sign a 21-year lease agreement with Vantone Industrial Co., a Chinese real estate company, which will be the first commercial tenant of the building to sign the lease. Vantone plans to create a China Center, a trade and cultural facility, covering an area of ​​191,000 square feet on floors 64 through 69.
The details of the tower floor plan were posted on the New York City Department of Finance website in May 2011. This resulted in an uproar from media and local residents, who warned that the plan could potentially be used for future terrorist attacks.
While being built, the tower was especially lit on several occasions. On the weekend of July 4, 2011, it was illuminated with the color of the American flag to commemorate Independence Day, and was lit up in the same color on September 11 to mark the 10th anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks. On October 27 of the same year, it was illuminated in pink to honor Breast Cancer Awareness Month. On December 11, the Port Authority illuminated towers with colorful lights to celebrate the holiday season. On February 24, 2012, the building was lit in red in honor of New York Archbishop Timothy Dolan, who became a cardinal on February 18. On June 14, 2012, it is illuminated in red, white, and blue in honor of Flag Day. In August, it was illuminated in red in honor of the Armed Forces. On September 8, 2012, once again illuminated in red, white, and blue to honor the 11th anniversary of the September 11 attacks. On June 24, 2013, the building was again illuminated in red, white, and blue to celebrate the Fourth of July. On November 12, 2013, three hundred red, white, and blue lights were on.
However, tower loading docks will not be completed on time to move equipment into completed buildings, so five temporary loading spaces are added at a cost of millions of dollars. The temporary PATH station will not be moved until the official change, the World Trade Center Transportation Center, is completed, blocking access to the planned loading area. As of March 2012, the One World Trade Center steel structure has reached 93 floors, growing to 94 floors and 1,240 feet (380 m) by the end of the month. However, since floor numbering is based on standard measurements, the 94th floor is numbered "100th floor", because the extra space is occupied by a high-ceiling 91 floor, which is used for mechanical purposes.
The incomplete tower became the tallest building in New York City with a roof height in April 2012, passing 1,250 feet (380 m) at the Empire State Building. President Barack Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that will be lifted to the top of the tower, the phrase "We remember, we rebuilt, we came back stronger!" In the same month, with the tower structure almost complete, the building owner started a public marketing campaign for the building, trying to attract visitors and tenants.
A World Trade Center steel structure is on the 104th floor, with a total height of 1,368 feet (417 m), in August 2012. The tower antenna is then shipped from Quebec to New York in November 2012, and the first part of the antenna is lifted to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012, and installed on January 15, 2013. In March 2013, two parts of the antenna have been installed. The completion of the spire is scheduled for April 29, 2013, but bad weather delayed the last piece of delivery. On May 10, 2013, the final part of the tower peak was lifted to the top of One World Trade Center, bringing the tower to a full height of 1776 feet (541 m), making it the fourth tallest building in the world. In the following months, the exterior elevator shaft has been removed; podium glass, interior decoration, and other coatings are being installed; and installation of concrete floor and finished steel equipment.
A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) negotiated with regard to the name "World Trade Center", because the WTCA had purchased the rights to the name in 1986. WTCA seeks free office space worth $ 500,000 in the tower in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center" in the name of the tower and related souvenirs.
On November 12, 2013, the High Committees of the Chicago-based High Council and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) made a controversial announcement that One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the United States at 1,776 feet (541 m), stating the pole above the building is the top of the tower because it is a permanent part of the architecture of the building. For the same reason, the building is also the highest in the western hemisphere.
Opening and opening
On November 1, 2014, trucks began to move goods to the tower's first tenant, magazine publisher Condà © Nast, from the old headquarters in Times Square to One World Trade Center. The New York Times notes that the area around the World Trade Center has been diverted from the financial area into one with technology companies, residences, and luxury shops, coinciding with the construction of new towers.
The building opened on November 3, 2014, and employees of Condà © Nast moved into a space spread over 24 floors. Condà © Nast occupies floors 20 to 44, having completed its movement in early 2015. It is expected that the company will attract new tenants to occupy the remaining 40% of free space in the tower, when Condà © Nast has revitalized Times Square after moving there in 1999. Only about 170 of the 3,400 total employees moved into the new tower on the first day. At that time, future tenants include Creative Kids, Legends Hospitality, BMB Group, Servcorp, and GQ .
On November 12, 2014, the supporting wire rope cable from the suspended work platform slackened. Cables are made by Tractel, and they are used to hold workers who perform maintenance on the exterior of buildings. At that time, the platform took two people, a window washer team affiliated with SEIU. Allowance causes the platform to hang almost vertically near the 68th floor of the tower. Workers were rescued by more than 100 FDNY firefighters, who used diamond saws to cut glass. After the incident, the workers suffered a few cases of hypothermia, and were taken to the hospital.
Estimated cost and funding
Estimates in February 2007 put the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center about $ 3 billion, or $ 1,150 per square foot ($ 12,380 per square meter). However, the total cost of tower construction has increased to $ 3.9 billion in April 2012, making it the most expensive building in the world at the time. The construction of the tower was partly funded by about $ 1 billion in insurance money Silverstein received for his loss in the September 11 attacks. The State of New York provides an additional $ 250 million, and the Port Authority agrees to provide $ 1 billion, to be earned through the sale of bonds. The Port Authority raised the prices for bridge and tunnel tolls to raise funds, with an increase of 56% toll rates scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the result of this increase is not used to pay for tower construction.
Architecture and design
Many of the original concepts of Daniel Libeskind from the 2002 competition were discarded from the final design of the tower. One of the final designs of the World Trade Center consists of simpler symmetry and a more traditional profile, which is intended to compare with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. Tower tower center pulls from previous buildings, such as Empire State Building and Chrysler Building. It also visually resembles the original Twin Towers, rather than being the top of an off-center tower similar to the Statue of Liberty. One World Trade Center is considered to be the first major building whose construction is based on a three dimensional Building Information Model.
It occupies a 200-foot (61 m) square, with an area of ​​40,000 square feet (3,700 m 2 ), almost identical to the original Twin Towers footprints. The tower is built on an 185-foot (56 m) tall, 185-foot concrete floor designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground-level attacks. Initially, the base had to be covered with decorative prismatic glass, but the simpler glass and steel faces were adopted when the prism proved unworkable. The current base layer consists of a prominent beveled glass fin of stainless steel panels, similar to those of the 7 World Trade Centers. The LED lights behind the panel illuminate the base at night. Façade glass cable-net on the four sides of the building for higher floors, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with other buildings in the complex. The faÃÆ'§ades is 60 feet (18 m) high, and the width ranges from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and west sides, 50 feet (15 m) on the north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on the sides South. Curtain walls are built and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland, Oregon, using Minnesota-made glass by Viracon.
From the 20th floor up, the square edges of the cubic plinth of the tower are reconnected, forming the buildings into eight equilateral triangles, or rectangular antiprism. Near the center, the tower forms a perfect octagon, and then culminates in a glass dividing wall, which is square-shaped 45 degrees from the base. A 408-foot sculpture (124 m) containing a broadcast antenna - designed in collaboration between Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who created tensegrity structures), lighting designers and engineers - is secured by cable systems, and up from a circular support circle, which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, intense light rays are projected horizontally from the top of the tower and glowing over 1,000 feet (300 m) above the tower.
David Childs of SOM, architect of One World Trade Center, says the following about tower design:
We really want our designs grounded on something very real, not just in a sculptured sketch. We explore the infrastructure challenges because the right solutions should be exciting, not just beautiful. The design does have a large sculpture implication, and we fully understand the importance of tower icons, but must also be highly efficient buildings. The Freedom Tower's discourse is often limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects, but we recognize that if this building is not functioning properly, if people do not work and visit there, we will fail as an architect.
Layout
Right south of the new One World Trade Center is the National September 11 Memorial & amp; The museum, located where the original Twin Towers stands. Soon to the east is the World Trade Center Trade Center and the new Two World Trade Center site. To the north is 7 World Trade Center, and to the west is Brookfield Place.
One of the top floors of the World Trade Center is officially designated as 104 floors, despite the fact that the tower contains only 94 true stories. The building has 86 floors above usable land, of which 78 are intended for office use (about 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m 2 )). The base consists of floors 1-19, including a 65-foot (20 m) public lobby, featuring a 90-foot mural ONE: Union of the Senses by American artist JosÃÆ'Â Â © ParlÃÆ'¡. The office floor starts on the 20th floor, and up to the 63rd floor. There is a sky lobby on the 64th floor; the office floor proceeds on the 65th floor, and stops on the 90th floor. The floors 91-99 and 103-104 are mechanical floors.
The tower has a three-story observation deck, located on floors 100-102, in addition to existing broadcast facilities and antennas. Similar to the Empire State Building, visitors are separated from the tenants, have separate entrances next to the museum, down to the underground security checkpoint. On the observation deck, the view room is actually on the 100th floor, but there is a food court on the 101st floor and a room for the event for the 102nd floor. To show the city visitors, and to give them information and stories about New York, an interactive tool called City Pulse is used by Ambassador Tour. The admission fee is $ 32 per person, but admission discounts are available for children and seniors, and a free deck for 9/11 responders and families of 9/11 victims. When opened, the deck is expected to have approximately 3.5 million visitors per year. Tickets go on sale starting April 8th. However, the Manhattan District Attorney inspects the Port Authority about the company in which he gave the contract to operate the deck. It was officially opened on May 28, 2015, one day ahead of schedule.
There are three dining places at the top of the building: a cafà © © (called One Cafà ©  ©), a bar and a "small plate" grill (One Mix), and a fancy restaurant (One Dining). Some people criticize the price of food; the need to purchase a full observatory ticket for admission; and their reputation compared to Windows on the World, the restaurant on the top floor of the original One World Trade Center. Tenants have access to underground parking, storage and shopping; access to PATH, the New York City railroad and the World Financial Center are also provided at the World Trade Center Transportation Center, Fulton Street/Fulton Center, Chambers Street and Cortlandt Street stations. The building allows direct access to West Street, Vesey Street, and Fulton Street on the ground. The building has an approximate underground footprint of 42,000 square feet (3,900 m 2 ), of which 55,000 square feet (5,100 m 2 ) is retail space. A plan to build a restaurant near the top of the tower, similar to the original Windows One World Trade Center in the World, was abandoned for being logistically impractical. The tower window wash track is located on an area of ​​16 square feet, which will be designated as 110th floor as a symbolic reference to the original 110-story tower.
Design evolution
The original design changed significantly after the Durst Organization joined the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the project developer partner in 2010.
The base angle as high as 185 feet (56 m) was originally designed to gently tilt upward, and have prismatic glass. The corners are then squared. In addition, the base wall is now enclosed in "hundreds of vertical vertical fins, mounted on horizontal ribbons with eight-inch wide stainless steel strips."
The top of this tower must initially be covered with a protective radome, which is described as "the envelope of the interlocking fiberglass panels." However, the top of the closed radome tower turns into a plain antenna. Douglas Durst, chairman of the Durst Organization, stated that the design changes will save $ 20 million. However, the tower architect, Skidmore Owings & amp; Merrill, loudly criticized the change. David Childs, principal designer, said, "Eliminating the integral part of the building design and leaving the exposed antennas and equipment is unfortunate... We are ready to work with Ports with alternative designs." After joining the project in 2010, the Durst Organization suggested removing radomes to reduce costs, but the proposal was rejected by Port Authority's executive director Christopher O. Ward. Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September 2011. Foye changed the position of Port Authority, and radome removed from the plan. In 2012, Douglas Durst gave a statement on the final decision: "(antennae) will be installed in the building during the summer." There is no way to do anything at this point. "
The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center, overlooking the Hudson River, was originally planned to have a stainless steel staircase down the road. However, the move was converted into a terrace in the final design. The terrace is accessible via stairs on Vesey Street. The terrace is paved in granite, and has 12 sweetgum trees, next to the plantation/bench along the block.
Durst also removes the skylights of the plaza plan; skylights are designed to allow natural light into the lobby of the underground observation deck. The Plaza is 5Ã, ft 8Ã, at (1.73 m) higher than the adjacent pavement.
The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions, and the revision was first reported by the New York Post . Patrick Foye, executive director of the Port Authority, said he thought the change was "small and small" in a telephone interview.
A contract negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization states that the Durst Organization will receive a $ 15 million fee and a percentage of "basic building change resulting in net economic benefits for the project." The specifics of signed contracts provide Durst 75 percent of savings, up to $ 24 million, with further returns falling to 50 percent, 25 percent and 15 percent as savings increase.
Height
The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet (417 m) above ground level, along with a 33 ft. 4 dividing wall at (10.16 m); this is identical to the original roof height of the One World Trade Center. The tower/tower antenna took it to the highest altitude of 1,776 feet (541 m), a figure intended to symbolize the year 1776, when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. If the antenna is included in the height of the building, as stated by the High and Urban Habitat Building Council (CTBUH), One World Trade Center surpasses the altitude of Taipei 101 (1,671-feet (509 m)), is the highest in all-world office buildings and buildings the world's tallest skyscraper, behind the Burj Khalifa, Abraj Al Bait, and the Shanghai Tower.
One World Trade Center is the second highest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere, because the CN Tower in Toronto exceeds the peak of One World Trade Center about 12 m (39.4 ft). The Chicago Spire, with a planned altitude of 2,000 feet (610 m), is expected to exceed the height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in 2009.
After a design change to the top of the One World Trade Center tower was revealed in May 2012, there is the question of whether the 408-foot (124 m) -high structure will still qualify as a tower, and thus incorporated in the height of the building. Since the tower towers are not enclosed within the radome as originally planned, it can be classified as a simple antenna, which is not included in the height of the building, according to the TUBBUH. Without the antenna, One World Trade Center will be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, making it the fourth tallest building in the United States, behind Tower Willis and Trump International Hotel & Tower, both located in Chicago, and 432 Park Avenue in New York. The building is currently the tallest in New York City with antennas; However, without the antenna, it was surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue, which reached 1,396 feet (426 m) tall. One developer of the World Trade Center has denied claims that the tower should be reclassified as an antenna after redesign, with Port Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that "One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the western hemisphere." In 2012, the CTBUH announced that they would wait to make a final decision as to whether the redesigned tower would be counted against the height of the building. On 12 November 2013, the CTBUH announced that the World One Trade Center tower will be counted as part of a recognized building height, providing a final height of 1,776 feet, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.
Sustainability
Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex, One World Trade Center includes sustainable architectural features. Most of the building's structures and interiors are constructed from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles; about 80 percent of tower waste products are recycled. Although the size of any tower roof is limited, it adopts a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling system. PureCell's phosphoric acid fuel cell builds a 4.8 megawatt (MW) power plant, and the waste generates electricity. The New York Power Authority chose UTC Power to provide a fuel cell tower system, which is one of the world's largest fuel cell installations upon completion. The tower also utilizes hydroelectric and wind power off-site. The windows are made of ultra-clear glass, allowing maximum sunlight to pass through; interior lighting is equipped with a dimmer that automatically dims the lights on a sunny day, reducing energy costs. Like all new facilities on the World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center is heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on site. A World Trade Center is expected to receive a Leadership Certification in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), making it one of the most environmentally friendly skyscrapers in the world.
Safety and security
Security features
Along with the protection provided by reinforced concrete bases, a number of other safety features are included in the building's design, so it will be prepared for major accidents or terrorist attacks. Like the 7 World Trade Center, this building has a 3 feet (91 cm) reinforced concrete wall on all stairs, elevator pit, staircase, and sprinkler system. There is also an extra high pressure ladder, along with a special set of stairs for firefighter use, and biological and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system. By comparison, the original Twin Towers use pure core steel cores for home utility functions, protected only by lightweight drywall panels.
The building is no longer 25 feet (8 m) from West Street, like the Twin Towers; at its nearest point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away. Window facing West Street is equipped with a special explosion-proof plastic, which looks almost like glass used on the other side of the building. The Port Authority has stated: "The structure is designed around a strong and redundant steel moment frame composed of beams and columns associated with a combination of welding and binding.Packed with concrete shear walls, the moment frame provides substantial sturdiness and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing a column-free interior range for maximum flexibility. "
In addition to security design, new security measures will be implemented. All vehicles will be screened for radioactive material and other dangerous objects before they enter the site via an underground walkway. Four hundred closed-circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the premises, with camera feed directly monitored continuously by the NYPD. The computer system will use analytics video software, designed to detect potential threats, such as unattended bags, and take pictures based on terrorist descriptions or other criminal suspects. New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the site.
Before the World Trade Center finishes completely, the square is not fully open to the public, like the original World Trade Center plaza. The initial phase of the opening process begins on Thursday, May 15, 2014, when the "Provisional Operation Period" of the September 11th National Memorial ends. During this period, all visitors are required to undergo airport style security checks, as part of the "Temporary Operation Period", which is expected to expire on December 31, 2013. However, the screening does not fully end until the dedication and official opening of the museum on May 21, 2014, after the visitors are allowed to use the square without the need to pass.
Incident
In March 2014, the tower was upgraded by Weehawken, a 16-year-old New Jersey resident, Justin Casquejo, who entered the site through a hole in the fence. He was later arrested on charges of unauthorized entry. He is suspected of dressing like a construction worker, sneaking in, and convincing the elevator operator to lift him to the 88th floor of the tower, according to news sources. He then used the stairs to get to the 104 floor, walked past the sleeping security guard, and climbed up the stairs to get to the antenna, where he took a picture for two hours. The lift operator was moved, and the guard was fired. It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower, which facilitated Casquejo's entry into the site. Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result.
Less than a week after the unauthorized entry incident, four people - three male jumpers (one of them on-site construction workers) and their scouts - were arrested for their BASE jump on September 30, 2013. They have posted videos from online jumps. As a result of this incident, the security chief of Durst Organization at One World Trade Center, David Velazquez, resigned on March 28, 2014.
Controversy
The social center of One World Trade Center previously included a restaurant on floor 107, called Windows on the World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; this is a tourist spot in their own right, and a gathering place for the people who work in the tower. The restaurant also has one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows in the World Wine School", run by the wine personality of Kevin Zraly. Despite numerous assurances that this resort will be rebuilt, the Port Authority abandoned plans to rebuild them, which has upset some observers.
Fortified tower bases are also a source of controversy. Some critics, including Deroy Murdock of the National Review, have said that it is alienating and boring, and reflects fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the "Tower of Fear" building. Nicolai Ouroussoff, architectural critic for The New York Times, called the base of the tower "a terrible attempt to disguise the underlying paranoia."
Owner and lessee
One World Trade Center is basically owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. About 5 percent of the building's equity is sold to the Durst Organization, a private real estate company, in exchange for investments of at least $ 100 million. Durst's organization helps oversee the construction of the building, and manages the building for the Port Authority, is responsible for tenancy leasing, property management and installation. As of September 2012, about 55% of the floor area has been leased, but no new lease is signed for three years until May 2014; the amount of leased space has increased by 62.8 percent in November 2014.
In 2006, the State of New York approved a lease of 15 years 415,000 square feet (38,600 m 2 ), with an option to extend the lease term and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000m 2 ). The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to lease approximately 645,000 square feet (59,900m 2 ), and the New York State Service Office (OGS) is planned to occupy about 412,000 square feet (38,300 m < 2 ). However, the GSA delivered most of the floor space to the Port Authority in July 2011, and OGS withdrew from the lease contract. In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that they were looking for a bidder to operate an 18,000 square foot (1,700 m) observation deck on the 102nd floor of the tower; in 2013, Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the observatory within 15 years, $ 875 million contract.
The first rental building, a joint project between the Port Authority and Vantone Industrial based in Beijing, was announced on March 28, 2009. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m 2 ) "China Center", combining business and cultural facilities, planned between floors 64 and 69; is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural relations to the United States, and to serve American companies that want to do business in China. Vantone Industrial rental is for 20 years and 9 months. In April 2011, a new interior design for the Chinese Center was inaugurated, featuring a vertical "Fold Garden", based on a proposal by Chinese artist Zhou Wei.
On August 3, 2010, Condà ©  © Nast Publications signed a temporary agreement to move its headquarters and offices to its magazine to One World Trade Center, occupying a floor of 1,000,000 square feet (90,000m 2 ) space. On May 17, 2011, Condà © Nast reached a final agreement with the Port Authority, securing a 25-year lease with an estimated value of $ 2 billion. On May 25, 2011, CondÃÆ' © Nast completed the lease contract, obtaining 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4m 2 ) of office space between floors 20-41. This rental also includes 30,000 square feet (2,800m 2 ) space that can be used on the podium and under the classroom floor, for letters, courier service, and storage usage. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Condà © Nast would lease an additional 133,000 square feet (10,000 m 2 ) space, occupying the 42nd to 44th floor. Conde Nast moved on Nov. 3, 2014.
However, some rents failed. In January 2012, Chadbourne & amp; Parke, a law firm based in Midtown Manhattan, will sign a 300,000 square foot (30,000 m 2 lease) contract, but after the negotiations failed, the deal was canceled unexpectedly in March.
Key characters
Developer
Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the holder of complex leases and developers, retains control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control over the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year contract for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the site rebuilding process.
Before the construction of the new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute concerning the tower. The terms of the lease agreement signed in 2001, in which Silverstein paid $ 14 million, gave Silverstein, as the holder of the lease, the rights and obligations to rebuild the structure if they were destroyed. After the September 11 attacks, there was a series of disagreements between Silverstein and the insurance company regarding insurance policies that included the original tower; this resulted in the construction of One World Trade Center delayed. After the trial ended, a verdict was granted on 29 April 2004. The ruling was that ten of the insurance companies involved in the dispute were subject to the interpretation of "one event", so their responsibility was limited to the nominal value of the policy. Three insurance companies were added to the second experimental group. At that time, the jury was unable to reach a decision on an insurance company, Swiss Reinsurance, but it was done a few days later on May 3, 2004, finding that the company was also subject to the interpretation of "one incident". Silverstein appealed against the Swiss Reinsurance decision, but the appeal failed on October 19, 2006. The second trial resulted in a ruling on December 6, 2004. The jury determined that nine insurance companies are subject to the interpretation of "two events", referring to the fact that two different planes were destroyed tower during the September 11 attacks. They are therefore responsible for a maximum of twice the nominal value of certain policies ($ 2.2 billion). The highest potential payout is $ 4.577 billion, for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.
In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a general meeting of construction workers and public officials outside the insurance industry conference. He highlights what he describes as the failure of Allianz and Royal & amp; Sun Alliance paid $ 800 million for claims related to the attack. Insurers claim that the agreement to divide payments between Silverstein and the Port Authority is a concern.
Main project coordinator
David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project after Silverstein urged him to do so. He developed a design proposal for One World Trade Center, initially collaborating with Daniel Libeskind. In May 2005, Childs revised the design to address security concerns. He is the tower architect, and is responsible for overseeing his day-to-day design and development.
Architect Daniel Libeskind won an invitation competition to develop plans for a new tower in 2002. He gave a preliminary proposal, which he called "Memory Foundation", for the design of One World Trade Center. Its designs include air gardens, windmills, and off-center towers. Libeskind later refused the request to place the tower in a more rented location next to the PATH station. Instead, he puts it in another western block, as he will march with, and resembles, the Statue of Liberty. Most of the original Libeskind design was later removed, and other architects were chosen to design other WTC buildings. However, one element of Libeskind's early plans included in the final design - the symbolic height of the tower 1,776 feet (541 m).
Daniel R. TishmanÃ, - along with his father John Tishman, the original World Trade Center builder - led the construction team from Tishman Realty & Construction, selected builders for One World Trade Center.
Douglas and Jody Durst, co-president of Durst Organization, a real estate development company, won the right to invest at least $ 100 million in the project on July 7, 2010.
In August 2010, Condà © à © Nast, the old Durable tenant, confirmed a temporary agreement to move to One World Trade Center, and finalized the agreement on May 26, 2011. The negotiated contract between the Port Authority and Durst Organization determined that the Durst Organization would receive $ 15 million, and a percentage of "basic building changes that generate net economic benefits for the project". The specifics of signed contracts provide Durst 75 percent savings of up to $ 24 million, down to 50, 25, and 15 percent as an increase in savings. Since Durst joined the project, significant changes have been made to the building, including the 185 foot base towers, the top of the tower, and the square to the west of the building, overlooking the Hudson River. The Port Authority has approved all revisions.
Port Authority construction workers
Short film documentary film WoodSearch Films titled How does it feel to work at One World Trade Center? uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. It describes construction workers who are satisfied with the working conditions at the construction site. However, further analysis of the workplace shows that dozens of construction-related injuries have occurred at the site during the construction of One World Trade Center, including 34 that were not reported to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The workers also abandoned post-9/11 graffiti on the site, which is considered to symbolize rebirth and resilience.
Maps One World Trade Center
See also
- One World Trade Center in popular culture
- Artwork at World Trade Center (2001-present)
- New York City Architecture
- List of buildings with 100 or more floors
- List of public observation decks
- List of tallest buildings in New York City/USA/world
- List of the highest freestanding structures
References
Source cited
- Reeve, Simon (1999). The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and Future of Terrorism . Northeastern University Press.
- Darton, Eric (1999). Divided We Stand: A Biography of the World Trade Center of New York . Basic Book. ISBNÃ, 0-465-01727-4.
External links
- Official website is managed by Durst and Cushman Organizations & amp; Wakefield
- One World Observatory official website
- World Trade Center - Retained by Silverstein Properties
- One World Trade Center in the CTBUH Center Skull database
- LowerManhattan.InfoÃ, - Official site for Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center
- Glass, Steel, and Stone - The design history of Freedom Tower
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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