A text book or coursebook (English English) is the instruction manual in each branch of the study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. School Book is another textbook and book used in schools. Currently, most textbooks are not published exclusively in print format; now widely available as an online electronic book.
Video Textbook
Histori
The history of textbooks goes back to ancient historical civilizations. For example, Ancient Greeks wrote text for educational purposes. Modern textbooks are rooted in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Johannes Gutenberg himself may have printed Ars Minor's edition, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus. Early textbooks are used by tutors and teachers, who use books as learning aids (for example, alphabet books), as well as self-taught individuals.
The Greek philosopher Plato regrets the loss of knowledge as the transmission medium changes. Before the discovery of the Greek alphabet 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were read aloud, like Homer's epic poems. New technology of writing means stories that do not need to be memorized anymore, a development that Socrates feared would weaken the mental ability of the Greeks to memorize and retell. (Ironically, we know about Socrates' worry just because it was written by his disciple, Plato, in his famous Dialogue.)
The next revolution for the book came with the invention of a 15th century print with a type that could be changed. The discovery is attributed to the German metallist Johannes Gutenberg, who throws a type of mold using melted metal alloys and makes wood screw printing machines to transfer images to paper.
The first large-scale printing effort and only Gutenberg is the now iconic Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s - the Latin translation of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament, a copy of which can be seen on the website of the British Library. Gutenberg's discovery made possible mass production of text for the first time. Although Gutenberg's Bible itself is expensive, printed books began to spread widely on European trade routes over the next 50 years, and by the 16th century, printed books became more accessible and less expensive.
Compulsory education and high school growth in Europe led to the printing of many standard texts for children. Textbooks have been the main teaching tool for most children since the 19th century. Two textbooks that have historical significance in US schools are the 18th-century New England Primer and the 19th-century McGuffey Reader.
Technological advances change the way people interact with textbooks. Online and digital materials make it easier for students to access materials other than traditional textbooks. Students now have access to electronic books and PDFs, online tutoring systems, and video lectures. Examples of electronically published books, or e-books, are the Principles of Biology from Nature Publishing.
In particular, more and more authors mention commercial publishers and offer their textbooks under a creative license or other open license.
Maps Textbook
Market
"The market is broken"
The textbook market does not operate in the same way as most consumer markets. First, the final consumer (the student) does not choose the product, and the people (lecturers and professors) who make the product selection do not buy it. Therefore, prices are removed from purchase decisions, giving producers (publishers) market forces disproportionate to set high prices. However, some argue that textbooks are really part of another product; the class that the student enrolled to take. But the price of a textbook is still not taken into account when this happens and is not part of the perception of the product.
The fundamental difference in the market is often cited as the main reason that prices are high. The term "broken market" first appeared in the James Koch economist's analysis of the markets commissioned by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Aid.
This situation is exacerbated by the lack of competition in the textbook market. Consolidation in recent decades has reduced the number of major textbook companies from about 30 to just a handful. As a result, there is less competition than usual, and high cost to start getting new companies in.
New edition and used book market
Students seek help from price increases through the purchase of copies of textbooks used, which tend to be cheaper. Most college bookstores offer copies of used textbooks at lower prices. Most bookstores will also buy copies of scrap from students at the end of the semester if the book will be reused at school. Books that are not reused at school are often purchased by off-campus wholesalers for 0-30% of new fees, for distribution to other bookstores where books will be sold. The textbook company has responded by encouraging the faculty to provide homework to do on the publisher's website. If a student has a new textbook, then he can use the pass code in the book to register on the site. If a student has purchased a used textbook, then he/she must pay money directly to the publisher to access the website and complete the assigned homework.
Students who see outside the campus bookstore can usually find a lower price. With ISBNs or titles, authors and editions, most textbooks can be found through online booksellers or retailers used online.
Most of the leading textbook companies publish new editions every 3 or 4 years, more often in math & amp; science. Harvard economic chair James K. Stock has stated that the new edition is often not about significant improvements to the content. "New editions to some extent are just another tool used by publishers and textbook authors to maintain their income stream, that is, to keep prices," A study by The Student PIRGs found that the new edition costs 12% more than a new copy previous editions, and 58% more than copies of previous editions used. Textbook publishers maintain this new edition driven by faculty demand. The PIRG Student Study found that 76% of the faculty said the new edition was justified "half time or less" and 40% said they were justified "rarely" or "never." The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies about the average annual cost of textbooks per student.
The PIRG Students also point out that the recent emphasis on electronic textbooks, or "eTextbooks," does not always save students money. Although the cost of the book is less up front, students will not get back any fees through resale.
Bundling
The practice of other publishing industries that have been heavily criticized is "bundling," or additional items shrink-shrink into textbooks. Additional items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online access codes and bonus materials. Students do not always have the option of purchasing these items separately, and often disposable supplements destroy the resale value of textbooks.
According to PIRG Students, the common bundled book package is 10% -50% more than unclassified textbooks, and 65% of professors say they are "rare" or "never" using items bundled in their courses.
The 2005 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report found that the production of these additional items was a major cause of rapid price increases:
Although publishers, retailers and wholesalers all play a role in textbook prices, the main factor contributing to the rise in textbook prices is the increased investment publishers in new products to improve teaching and learning... While wholesalers, retailers and others do not questioning the quality of these materials, they have expressed concern that the practice of supplement packaging publishers with textbooks for sale as a unit limits the chances of students having to buy used books that are cheaper.... If the publisher continues to increase these investments, especially in technology, the cost to produce textbooks will likely continue to increase in the future.
Bundling has also been used as a means of market segmentation of used books. Each textbook combination and additional items receive a separate ISBN. Therefore, a textbook can have dozens of ISBNs showing various combinations of supplements packed with the book. When bookstores try to keep track of copies of textbooks used, they will search for the instructor's course instructor ISBN, which will only place a portion of the textbook copy.
State and federal legislation seeks to limit bundling practices, requiring publishers to offer all components separately. The publisher has testified to support the bill including this provision, but only in the case that the provision relinquishes the freely defined category of "integrated textbooks". The Federal Bill only excludes 3rd party material in unified textbooks, but publisher lobbyers have been trying to create a gap through this definition in state bills.
Price disclosure
Given that the high price textbook issue is related to a "broken" market economy, requiring publishers to disclose the price of textbooks to faculty is a solution pursued by a number of legislatures. By putting prices into sales interactions, these rules should make the economic power operate more normally.
There is no data showing that this is actually true. However, The Student PIRGs have found that publishers actively hold price information from faculty, making it difficult to obtain. Their latest study found that 77% of the faculty said the publishers' sales representatives did not give voluntary prices, and only 40% got an answer when they immediately asked. In addition, the study found that 23% of website publishers ranked faculty as "informative and easy to use" and less than half said they usually record prices.
The US Congress passed a law in the 2008 Higher Education Opportunity Law that would require price disclosure. Laws requiring price disclosure have been ratified in Connecticut, Washington, Minnesota, Oregon, Arizona, Oklahoma, and Colorado. Current publishers support the mandate of price disclosure, although they insist that "suggested retail price" should be disclosed, not the actual price that publishers will get for the book.
Market used textbook
After a textbook was purchased from a retailer for the first time, there are ways that students can sell their textbooks back at the end of the semester or later. Students can sell to 1) college/university bookstore; 2) fellow students; 3) a number of online websites; or 4) student exchange services.
Campus repurchase
As for certain campus purchases, faculty decisions determine how much students receive. If a professor chooses to use the same book in the next semester, even if it is a special text, tailored specifically to individual instructors, bookstores often buy the book back. The GAO report finds that, generally, if the book is in good shape and will be used on campus again in the next semester, the bookstore will pay students 50 percent of the original price paid. If the bookstore has not received a faculty order for the book at the end of the semester and the edition still applies today, they can offer students the wholesale price of the book, which can range from 5 to 35 percent of the new retail price, according to GAO reports.
When students resell their textbooks during the campus "buyback" period, these textbooks are often sold to a nationally used textbook distribution chain. If textbooks will not be used on campus for the next semester, then many times the college bookstore will sell the book to the former national book company. The used book company then sells the book back to another college bookstore. Finally, the book is sold as used for college students at other rates at a price that is usually 75% of the price of the new book. At each step, markup is applied to the book to enable each company to continue operating.
Student to student sales
Students may also sell or trade textbooks among themselves. After completing the course, the seller will often look for members of the next enrollment class, people who are likely to be interested in purchasing the required books. This can be done by posting flyers to advertise the sale of books or just asking people who shop at college bookstores for the same title. Many larger schools have independent websites established for the purpose of facilitating such trades. These often operate like digital classified ads, allowing students to register their items for sale and search for those they want to earn. Also, at the US Air Force Academy, it is possible to send e-mails to all specific classes, allowing for an extensive network of textbook sales to exist.
Student online market
The online marketplace is one of the two main types of online websites that students can use to sell used textbooks. The online market may have an online auction format or allow students to list their books for a fixed price. In both cases, students should make a list for each book itself and wait for the buyer to order, making market use a more passive way to sell used textbooks. Unlike repurchase campuses and online books, students are unlikely to sell all their books to one buyer using the online market, and may have to submit several books individually.
Online book buyers
Online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for profit. As with any online marketplace, online book buyers operate throughout the year, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when the campus "repurchase" period does not apply. Students enter the ISBN number of the book they wish to sell and receive a quotation or offer. These online book buyers often offer "free shipping" (which is in fact built into offerings for books), and allows students to sell multiple books to the same source. Because online book buyers buy books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than they can get in the online market. However, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus on the convenience of their services. Some even claim that buying used textbooks online and selling them to online book buyers has a lower total cost than textbook rental services.
Text book exchanges
In response to textbook price increases, competition is limited, and to provide a more efficient system to connect buyers and sellers together, online textbook exchanges are developed. Most sites currently handle buyer and seller payouts, and usually deduct small commissions only after the sale is complete.
According to textbook writer Henry L. Roediger (and senior editor of Wadsworth Publishing Company Company Vicki Knight), the used textbook market is illegitimate, and completely blamed for the rising cost of textbooks. As a method to "deal with this problem," he suggests making earlier textbook editions obsolete, tying up textbooks with other materials, and issuing laws to prevent the sale of used books. This concept is no different from the limited license approach for computer software, which places rigid restrictions on resale and reproduction. The goal is to make the user understand that any textbook content is the intellectual property of the author and/or publisher, and thus, subject to copyright. Obviously, this idea is entirely at odds with the ancient traditions of used book sales, and will make the entire industry illegal.
E-textbooks
Another alternative to save money and get the required materials is e-textbook. The article "Ebook rewrite the rules of education" states that, alternately spending a lot of money on textbooks, you can buy e-textbooks at a small fee. With the growth of digital apps for iPhone, and gadgets like the Amazon Kindle, e-textbooks are not innovation, but have "gained momentum". According to the article "Are obsolete textbooks?", Publishers and editorials are concerned about expensive textbook issues. "The cost of textbooks is a concern for students, and electronic textbooks, the problem faces address, Williams says" As publishers we understand the high cost of these materials, and the electronic format enables us to reduce the general cost of our content to the market ".
Rental program
Shop rentals are processed using kiosks and order books online with a third party facilitator or rent directly from store inventory. Some stores use a combination of both methods, choose in-store selections from the most popular books and online options for more vague titles or books that they think are too risky to put into a rental system.
Share textbook
Another method to help students save upcoming money is called Textbook Sharing. Using textbooks to share students sharing physical textbooks with other students, as well as the cost of books shared among textbook users. So during textbook life, if 4 students use textbooks, the cost of a textbook for each student will be 25% of the total cost of the book.
Open text book
The latest trend in textbooks is "open a textbook." The open text book is a free, open-licensed textbook that is offered online by the author. According to PIRG, a number of books already exist, and are used in schools like MIT and Harvard. A published 2010 study found that open textbooks offer a viable and compelling means to meet the needs of faculty and students while offering an 80% savings compared to traditional textbook options.
Although the biggest question seems to be who will pay to write it, some state policy states that public investment in an open textbook may make sense. To offer another perspective, any jurisdiction may find itself challenged to find sufficient number of credible academics who will be willing to make an effort to create an open textbook without realistic compensation, to make the proposal work.
Another challenge involves the reality of publishing, which is a textbook with good sales and profitability subsidizing the manufacture and publication of low demand but is believed to be the required textbook. Sloping market subsidies and disruptive subsidy removal; in the case of a low demand textbook the following possibilities for abolishing subsidies include one or all of the following: higher retail prices, transition to open textbooks, reduced number of published titles.
On the other hand, independent open book and book publishing models are developing. Most notably, the fledgling publisher Flat World Knowledge already has dozens of open-level textbooks used by more than 900 institutions in 44 countries. Their business model is to offer free online textbooks online, and then sell additional products that students might buy if the price is fair - print copies, study guides, ePub,.Mobi (Kindle), PDF downloads, etc. Flat World Knowledge compensates its author with royalties for this sale. With the revenue generated, Flat World Knowledge funds high-quality publishing activities with the goal of making the Flat World financial model sustainable. However, in January 2013, Flat World Knowledge announced their financial model can no longer maintain the free-to-read option for students. The Knowledge Flat World intends to have open textbooks available for the 125 highest registered programs on campuses in the next few years.
CK-12 FlexBooks is an open text book designed for the United States K-12 course. CK-12 FlexBooks is designed to facilitate compliance with national and US standards and individual state guidebooks. CK-12 FlexBooks is licensed under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license. CK-12 FlexBooks is free to use online and offers a suitable format for use on personal reading devices and portable computers - both online and offline. Format for iPad and Kindle offered. The school district can either choose a title as it is or adjust an open textbook to meet local instructional standards. The file can then be accessed electronically or printed using an on demand service without paying royalties, saving 80% or more when compared to traditional textbook options. Sample print on request to open textbook title, "College Algebra" by Stitz & amp; Zeager via Lulu is 608 pages, royalty free, and costs about $ 20 booked one by one (March 2011). (Any request printing service can be used - this is just an example.The school district can easily negotiate a lower price for bulk purchases to print in their own community.) Teacher Edition is available for educators and parents. Titles have been written by various individuals and organizations and checked for quality before being included in the CK-12 catalog. Efforts are being made to map the correlation of state education standards. Stanford University provides a number of titles to use.
Curriki is another modular K-12 non-profit content "empowering educators to deliver and share the curriculum." Selected Curriki material is also correlated with US state education standards. Some Curriki content has been collected into open textbooks and some can be used for modular lessons or special topics.
International market prices
Similar to the issue of pharmaceutical re-transfer to the US market, the GAO report also highlights similar phenomena in the distribution of textbooks. Retailers and publishers have expressed concern about re-importing low-value textbooks from international locations. In particular, they cite students' ability to purchase books from online channels outside of the United States at a lower price, which could result in a loss of sales for US retailers. In addition, the availability of low-value textbooks through these channels has increased distrust and frustration among students regarding the price of textbooks, and college stores find it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the National Association of College Stores. Retailers and publishers have also been concerned that some US retailers may have engaged in large-scale reimportation by ordering textbooks for the entire course at a lower price than international distribution channels. While the Supreme Court's decision of 1998, King Mutu v. L'anza protects copyrighted imports of re-imports under the first sales doctrine, book publishers are still trying to prevent US sales of international editions by enforcing contracts prohibiting foreign distributors to sell to American distributors. Concerned about the effect of differential pricing on college stores, the National Association of College Stores has asked publishers to stop selling textbook practices at lower prices outside the United States. For example, some US booksellers arrange for drop shipping in foreign countries which are then sent back to America where books can be sold online for the price used (for "unopened" books). The authors often earn half royalty rather than full royalties, less the cost of returning books from bookstores.
Production
Cost distribution
According to the National Association of College Stores, the entire cost of the book is justified by fees, with normally 11.7% of the price of new books going to author royalties (or editorial committees at publishers), 22.7% going to shop, and 64.6% going to the publisher. The number of stores and publishers is slightly higher for Canada. Used bookstores and bookstore vendors benefit from the sale of textbooks in the used markets, with publishers earning only a profit on the sale of new textbooks.
Research
According to a GAO study published July 2005:
Following behind the annual hike in tuition fees and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbooks and supply prices have doubled the annual rate of inflation over the past two decades.
Raises an average of 6 percent annually since the academic year 1987-1988, compared to an overall average price increase of 3 percent per year, college textbooks and supply prices lead to tuition and cost increases, which averages 7 percent per year. Since December 1986, textbooks and supply prices have almost tripled, up 186 percent, while tuition and fees increased by 240 percent and overall prices grew by 72 percent. While improvements in textbooks and supply prices have followed increases in tuition fees, textbooks and inventory fees for students seeking a degree as a percentage of tuition and fees vary by type of institution attended. For example, the estimated average cost of books and inventories per new student, full time for the 2003-2004 academic year is $ 898 in public institutions 4 years, or about 26 percent of tuition and fees. At a 2-year public institution, where low-income students are more likely to pursue degree programs and tuition fees and lower fees, the estimated average cost of books and supplies per first, full-time students is $ 886 in the 2003- , representing nearly three quarters of the cost of tuition and fees.
According to the 2nd edition of a study by the US Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG) published in February 2005: "Textbook prices increased by more than four times the rate of inflation for all finished goods, according to the Bureau of Production Price Index of Labor Statistics Work The wholesale price charged by textbook publishers has jumped 62 percent since 1994, while the price charged for all finished goods has only increased by 14 percent. Similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased by only 19 percent same time period. "
According to the 2007 edition of the College Board's Trend at the College Pricing Report published in October 2007: "Tuition continues to increase and federal student assistance has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, as a percentage of total college costs, stable about 5 percent. "
K-12 textbook
In most of the K-12 public schools in the US, the sound of the local school council used textbooks to buy from a number of books that have been approved by the state Department of Education. Teachers receive books to be given to students for each subject. Teachers are usually not required to use textbooks, however, and many prefer to use other materials instead.
The publication of textbooks in the US is a business that is primarily intended for large countries. This is due to state purchase control over books, especially in Texas, where the Texas Education Agency sets the curriculum for all courses taught by 1,000 state school districts, and therefore also approves which textbooks can be purchased.
SMA
In recent years, high school history textbooks have been increasingly criticized. Authors like Howard Zinn (AI), Gilbert T. Sewall ( Lesson Book: The Curriculum Venue Meets Children ) and James W. Loewen ( Lies My Teacher Told Me: All Your History of American History Books Wrong, making the claim that US history textbooks contain myths and negligence, illustrating a whitewashed image that resembles what most students study at university History tells inaccurately, through textbooks or other literature, has been practiced in many societies, from ancient Rome to the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China.The content of history textbooks is often determined by the political power of the state adoption councils and ideological suppression groups.
Science textbooks have been a source of ongoing debate and have been highlighted by some organizations. Presentation or inclusion of controversial scientific material has been debated in some court cases. Poorly designed textbooks have been cited as contributing to impairment in mathematics and science in the United States and organizations such as the American Academy of Arts and Science (AAAS) have criticized the layout, presentations, and amount of material given in textbooks.
Discussion of textbooks has been incorporated into creation and evolution in public education debates. The Smith v. The Mobile County School Commissioner case brings forward the debate about the scientific facts presented in the textbooks.
In his book, You must be joking, Mr. Feynman! Physical Nobel Prize winner Richard P. Feynman describes his experience as a member of a committee that evaluates textbooks of science. In some instances, there are unreasonable examples to illustrate physical phenomena; then a company was sent - for reasons of time - a book containing a blank page, which even got good criticism. Feynman himself experienced bribery.
Math
Mostly in the US, but increasingly in other countries, K-12 Mathematics textbooks have reflected the controversy of new mathematics and mathematical reforms that have attempted to replace traditional mathematics in so-called math wars. Traditional texts, still favored in Asia and other fields, only teach the same time-tested mathematics as most adults have learned. In contrast, the "progressive" approach seeks to address the problem of social injustice with an approach which often incorporates constructivism and discovery principles. Texts such as TERC and CMP prevent or eliminate standard mathematical methods and concepts such as long division and lowest common denominator. For example, index entries for multiplying fractions will lead to "designing your own method to multiply fractions working on these examples", and the formula for the circle area will be an exercise for students to lower rather than include it in the student text. In the 2000s, while some districts are still adopting newer methods, others have abandoned those methods as unworkable.
Higher education
In the US, university lectures and textbooks are selected by professors who teach courses, or by departments as a whole. Students are usually responsible for obtaining copies of their own books used in their courses, although alternatives to having textbooks, such as textbook lease service and backup copies of text libraries, are available in a few examples.
In some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending higher education institutions pay for the textbook itself, although higher education is free.
With higher education costs rising, many students become sensitive to every aspect of the price of a lecture, including textbooks, which in most cases amount to one-tenth of the tuition fee. The 2005 Government Accountability Office report on college textbooks says that since the 1980s textbooks and offer prices have doubled the rate of inflation in the past two decades. The 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost $ 900 per year, and that prices have increased fourfold from the rate of inflation over the past decade. A June 2007 Advisory Committee on the Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, "Turn the Page," reports that the average US student spends $ 700- $ 1000 per year on textbooks.
While many groups accuse publishers, bookstores or faculty, ACSFA also finds that blaming any party - faculty, college, bookstore or publisher - for the cost of textbooks is currently unproductive and unfounded. The report calls on all parties in the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which include movements toward open textbooks and other low-cost digital solutions.
Textbook prices are much higher in law schools. Students usually pay almost $ 200 for case books consisting of cases available free online.
Bias textbook on controversial topic
In the case of history, science, current events, and political textbooks, "authors may be biased against one way or another: topics such as a country's actions, presidential acts, and scientific theories are common potential biases".
Inclusive education
Textbooks are an important aspect of inclusive education in how they combine inclusive language, diverse identities, and human rights, primarily because they reflect cultural, gender, and religious issues.
Culture
The defense of cultural diversity, as UNESCO understands, is an ethical obligation, inseparable from the child's universal right to education. This implies a commitment to the fundamental rights of persons belonging to minorities and cultural rights that are an integral part of human rights. Culture is also a center of contemporary debate on citizenship and identity, social cohesion, and knowledge-based economic growth. Education has a major part to play in forging dialogue such as cultural exchange and economic cooperation becoming increasingly common. Textbooks can be used to promote cultural diversity and, in particular, nourish culture in a broad sense that is understood as "the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize society or social groups."
Gender
After concentrating on eradicating racist and xenophobic prejudices in textbooks as early as 1946, in the 1970s UNESCO began to address gender stereotypes, recognized as a source of lasting inequality between women and men. A research program on the image of women was launched after the 1980 World Conference of Copenhagen from the UN Decade for Women to identify and characterize sexism and recommend various steps to eliminate it. The program shows that sexism in textbooks often consists of the failure to recognize the actual roles played by men and women in society and ignore the real progress that has been made in terms of gender equality.
Textbooks should help students understand the roles most often given to women and men and recognize the aspects of social change necessary to build a fairer social order that includes both sexes and sexual minorities in an equal position with mainstream society. The discussion requested by reading textbooks and teacher-student interactions can be used to answer, question, and get rid of stereotypes. Linking examples from past societies and telling fame stories to other gender categories (other than men and women) and other sexual orientations (other than heterosexuality) can show the detrimental effects of dividing humanity into two sexes and the imposition of heterosexuality.
Religion
With the advent of globalization, the number of worldviews and religious practices facing individuals is increasing. Textbooks play an important role in the process of raising awareness about the beliefs of others and promoting understanding, and respect for, the diversity of beliefs that are present in society and the world at large. Textbooks can help combat prejudice, present pluralism as an asset, and encourage mutual understanding based on respect for the right to express one's beliefs. They contribute to promoting tolerance, critical thinking in the face of stereotypes and divisive discrimination, and the independence of individual choice.
Source
- Textbooks used in Mexico in pre-school, elementary, high and high school education
- Historic textbooks used in Mexico at elementary schools from 1960 to 2013
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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