The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by Shreve, Lamb & amp; Harmon and completed in 1931, this building has a roof height of 1,250 feet (380 m) and stands a total of 1,454 feet (443.2 m) high, including the antenna. Its name comes from "Empire State", nickname from New York. By 2017, this building is the fifth highest skyscraper in the United States and the 28th tallest building in the world. It is also the 6th highest freestanding structure in America.
The Empire State Building site, located on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets, was originally part of an early 18th century farm. In the late 1820s, it belonged to the prominent Astor family, with the descendants of John Jacob Astor building the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on site in the 1890s. In the 1920s, the family sold outdated hotels and the site indirectly ended up under the ownership of Empire State Inc., a business venture that included businessman John J. Raskob and former New York governor Al Smith. The original design of the Empire State Building is for a 50-storey office building. However, after fifteen revisions, the final design was for a 1,250-foot 86-story building, with an airship pole on top. This ensures that this building will be the tallest building in the world, beating the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street, two Manhattan skyscrapers under construction at that time also competing for the difference.
The Waldorf-Astoria demolition began in October 1929, and the foundations of the Empire State Building were unearthed before the demolition was even completed. Construction of the building itself began on March 17, 1930, with an average construction rate of one floor per day. A well-coordinated schedule means that the 86 stories end on September 19, six months after the construction begins, and the mast is completed on 21 November. From then on, the interior work went quickly, and opened in May. 1, 1931, thirteen and a half months after the first steel beam was erected. Despite the publicity surrounding building construction, the owner failed to make a profit until the early 1950s. However, this place has been a popular tourist attraction since it opened, with about 4 million visitors to the 86th and 102th floor observatories in each year.
The Empire State Building stood the tallest building in the world for nearly 40 years until the completion of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan in the late 1970s. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was again the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center finished in April 2012.
The Empire State Building is an icon of American culture and has been featured on over 250 TV shows and movies since the film King Kong was released in 1933. The symbol of New York City, the tower has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the World Modern by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Empire State Building and its interior on the ground floor have been designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmark Conservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Council of Representatives. It was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986, and was ranked number one on the American Institute of Architects' List of Favorite American Architecture in 2007.
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The Empire State Building is located on the west side of 350 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, between 33rd and 34th Streets. Although physically located in South Midtown, a mixed residential and commercial area, the building is so large that it is given its own zip code, 10118; this is one of 43 buildings in New York City that has its own zip code. The area to the south and west also features other major Manhattan landmarks, including Macy's in Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and 34th Street, Koreatown on 32nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Penn Station and Madison Square Garden on Seventh Avenue between 32 and 34 Road- street, and the Flower District on 28th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. The nearest New York City Subway Station is 34th Street-Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and Broadway, one block west, and 33rd Street on Park Avenue, two blocks to the east. There is also a PATH station on 33rd Street and Sixth Avenue.
To the east of the Empire State Building is Murray Hill, a neighborhood with a mix of housing, commercial and entertainment. One block east of the Empire State Building, on Madison Avenue on 34th Street, is the Library, Industry, and Library of Business of the New York Public Library, located on the same block as the University of New York City Postgraduate Center.
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History
Site
The channel was originally part of the Mary and John Murray farms on Murray Hill. The earliest recorded action at the scene was during the American Revolutionary War, when General George Washington's troops withdrew from Britain after the Battle of the Gulf of Kip. In 1799, John Thompson (or Thomson, account varies) bought a 20-acre (8 hectare) land area bordered by Madison Avenue, 36th Street, Sixth Avenue and 33rd Street, just north of Caspar Samler's farm, for 482 British Pounds (about US $ 2400 at the time). Thompson is said to have sold the farm to Charles Lawton for $ 10,000 on Sept. 24, 1825, although the details of the sale are unclear, as the details of the certifying deed are then lost. In 1826, John Jacob Astor of the famous Astor family bought land from Lawton for $ 20,500. The Astors also bought a package from the Murrays. John Jacob's son, William Backhouse Astor Sr bought half-interest on July 28, 1827, for $ 20,500, for land on Fifth Avenue from 32 to 35.
On March 13, 1893, the grandson of John Jacob Astor Sr., William Waldorf Astor opened the Waldorf Hotel on the site with the help of hotelier George Boldt. On November 1, 1897, Waldorf's cousin, John Jacob Astor IV, opened the 16-story Astoria Hotel on a nearby site. The combined hotel has 1,300 rooms making it the largest hotel in the world at the time. After the Boldt died, in early 1918, the hotel lease was purchased by Coleman du Pont. In the 1920s, the hotel was outdated and elegant social life in New York had moved further north than 34th Street. The Astor family decided to build a replacement hotel further downtown, and sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $ 14-16 million. They closed the hotel on May 3, 1929.
Planning process
Bethlehem Engineering Corporation was originally intended to build a 25-storey office building on the Waldorf-Astoria website. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $ 100,000 of the $ 1 million down payment required to begin construction on the tower, with the promise that the difference would be paid later. Brown borrowed $ 900,000 from the bank, but failed to repay the loan.
The land was then resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors including Louis G. Kaufman, Ellis P. Earle, John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont, and Pierre S. du Pont. The name comes from the state nickname for New York. Alfred E. Smith, former New York Governor and US presidential candidate whose 1928 campaign was run by Raskob, was appointed head of the company. The group also buys land nearby so that they will have 2 hectares (1 hectare) needed for the tower base, with a combined plot measuring 425 feet (130 m) wide with a length of 200 feet (61 m). Empire State Inc. Consortium announced to the public in August 1929.
Empire State Inc. contracted William F. Lamb, Shreve's architectural firm, Lamb and Harmon, to create building designs. Lamb produced a building image in just two weeks using the company's initial design for the Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem, North Carolina as a base. At the same time, Lamb's partner Richmond Shreve created a "bug diagram" of the project requirements. The 1916 Zoning Act forced Lamb to design a structure that incorporated setbacks so that the lower floors became larger than the upper floors. Consequently, the tower is designed from top to bottom, giving it a shape like a "pencil".
The original plan of the building was 50 floors, but was later upgraded to 60 and then 80 stories. High restrictions were placed in adjacent buildings to ensure that the top fifty floors of an 80-storey, 1,000-foot (300 m) building planned to have an unobstructed view of the city. The New York Times praised the site's proximity to transportation, with Brooklyn 34th Street station in Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit and 33rd Street Hudson and Manhattan Street terminals a block away, and Penn Station two blocks away and Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away in the nearest place. It also praised 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m 2 ) of the proposed floor space near "one of the busiest parts of the world".
While plans for the Empire State Building are being finalized, a tight competition in New York for the title of "tallest building in the world" is underway. 40 Wall Street (then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and Chrysler Building in Manhattan both compete for this distinction and are already in development stage when work begins at the Empire State Building. The "Race into the Sky", as popular media called it at the time, was a representative of the country's optimism in 1920, fueled by building booms in major cities. Tower 40 Wall Street was revised, in April 1929, from 840 feet (260 m) to 925 feet (282 m) making it the highest in the world. The Chrysler Building added an 185-foot (56 m) iron tip to its roof in October 1929, bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet (319 m) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street. The Chrysler Building developer, Walter Chrysler, realizes that the tower height will exceed the Empire State Building as well, after instructing its architect, William Van Alen, to transform the original Chrysler roof from a short Romanesque dome into a narrow steel tower. Raskob, wishing the Empire State Building to be the highest in the world, reviewing the plan and having five additional floors and one tower; However, the new floor needs to be reset due to the projected wind pressure on the extension. On 18 November 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27-31 West 33rd Street, adding 75 feet (23 m) to the width of the proposed office building site. Two days later, Smith announced the latest plans for a skyscraper that includes an observation deck on the 86th floor roof at an altitude of 1,050 feet (320 m), higher than the Chrysler 71 floor observation deck.
The 1,050-foot-tall Empire State building is only 4ft (1.2m) taller than the Chrysler Building, and Raskob fears Chrysler might try "pulling tricks like hiding a rod at the top of the tower and then pasting it in the last minute." The plan was revised for the last time in December 1929, with a 16-story, 200-foot (61 m) "crown" and an additional 222-foot (68 m) balloon mooring rod. The roof height is now 1,250 feet (380 m), making it the tallest building in the world so far, even without an antenna. The addition of a balloon station means that another floor, the now enclosed 86th floor, must be built beneath the crown; However, unlike the top of the Chrysler tower, the Empire State pole will serve a practical purpose. The final plan was announced to the public on January 8, 1930, just before the commencement of construction. The New York Times reported that the tower faced several "technical problems", but they were "no larger than might be expected under a novel plan like that." At this time the blueprint for buildings has gone through up to fifteen versions before they are approved. Sheep describes other specifications given for the approved final plan:
The program is short enough - fixed budget, no room more than 28 feet from window to corridor, as much as possible such a space story, a limestone exterior, and completion date [May 1, 1931, meaning year and six months from beginning of sketch.
The contractors are Starrett Brothers and Eken, Paul and William A. Starrett and Andrew J. Eken, who have also built other New York City buildings such as the original Stuyvesant City, Starrett City and Trump Tower. The project was funded primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont, while General Builders Supply Corporation James Farley supplied building materials. John W. Bowser is the construction supervisor of the projct, and the structural engineer of the building is Homer G. Balcom. A strict completion schedule requires construction to start even if the design is not finished yet.
Construction
The dismantling of the old Waldorf-Astoria began on October 1, 1929. The stripping of the building was a difficult process, since the hotel was built using more rigid materials than the previous building. In addition, granite, wood chips, and old "noble" metals such as tin, brass, and zinc "are not in demand, causing disposal problems Most of the wood is deposited onto a pile of wood on the nearest 30th Street or burned in swamps elsewhere. Most of the other materials that make up the old hotels, including granite and bronze, are dumped into the Atlantic Ocean near Sandy Hook, New Jersey.
At the time of demolition of the hotel started, Raskob has been getting the funds needed for the construction of the building. The plan was to start construction later that year, but, on October 24, the New York Stock Exchange suffered a sudden accident marking the beginning of the Great Depression for a decade. Despite the economic downturn, Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress it had made up to that point. Neither Raskob, who had quit speculation in the stock market the previous year, or Smith, who had no stock investment, suffered financially in the accident. However, most investors were affected and as a result, in December 1929, Empire State Inc. obtained a $ 27.5 million loan from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company so construction could begin. The stock market crash resulted in no demand in new office space, Raskob and Smith are still starting construction, as canceling the project will result in greater losses for investors.
A structural steel contract was awarded on 12 January 1930, with the excavation of the site begun ten days later on January 22, before the old hotel was completely destroyed. Twelve hour shifts, each consisting of 300 people, work continuously to dig the 55 foot (17 m) foundation. Small dock holes are submerged to the ground to accommodate concrete foundations that will support steel work. Excavations were nearing completion in early March, and construction on the building itself began on March 17, with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footing before the rest of the foundation was completed. Around this time, Sheep held a press conference on the building plan. He describes reflective steel panels parallel to his windows, large Indiana Limestone fashions, which are slightly more expensive than smaller bricks, and tower lines and rises. Four colossal columns, intended for installation in the center of the building site, are sent; they will support a combined 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) when the building is completed.
Structural steel has been pre-ordered and made earlier in anticipation of revisions to city building regulations that will allow the Empire State Building's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch (124,106 kpa), up from 16,000 pounds per square. inch (110,316 kPa), thereby reducing the amount of steel required for the building. Although the 18,000-psi rule has been enforced safely in other cities, Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign a new code into law until March 26, 1930, just before construction will begin. The first steel framework was installed on April 1, 1930. From there, construction proceeded very quickly; during one stretch of 10 working days, the builders set up fourteen floors. This is made possible through proper coordination of building planning, as well as the mass production of common materials such as windows and spandrels. On one occasion, when the supplier was unable to deliver on-time delivery of dark Hauteville marble, Starrett switched on Rose Famosa marble from a specially purchased German mine to provide the project with enough marbles.
The scale of the project is enormous, with trucks carrying "16,000 tile partitions, 5,000 bags of cement, 450 cubic meters [340 m 3 ] sand and 300 lime bags" arriving at construction sites every day. There are also cafes and concessions standing on five floors that are incomplete so workers do not have to go down to the ground floor for lunch. The temporary water faucet is also constructed so that workers do not waste time buying bottled water from the ground. In addition, trains that run on small rail systems transport materials from underground storage to elevators carrying carts to the desired floor where they will then be distributed to all levels using other tracks. 57,480 short tons (51,320 tons of length) of steel ordered for the project was the largest steel order ever made, consisting of more steel than ordered for the Chrysler Building and a combined 40 Wall Street. According to the historian John Tauranac, building materials are sourced from many sources, and distant, with "limestone from Indiana, steel blocks from Pittsburgh, cement and mortar from New York, marble from Italy, France and England, wood from the north and the Pacific Coast Forests, [and] hardware from New England. "The facade, too, uses a variety of materials, the most prominent Indiana limestone but also Swedish black rocks, terracotta and bricks.
On June 20, the steel structure supporting the skyscrapers has climbed to the 26th floor, and on July 27, half of the steel structure has been completed. Starrett Bros. and Eken tried to build one floor a day to speed up construction, a goal they almost accomplished at their speed 2 stories per week; Prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for buildings of the same height had 3 1 / 2 stories per week. While construction is underway, the final design for the floor is designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which has been from the roof down). Some levels are still undergoing final approval, with some orders placed within an hour of the plan being completed. On September 10, when the steelwork was nearing completion, Smith laid the building stone during a ceremony attended by thousands of people. The rock contains boxes with contemporary artefacts including the previous day New York Times , a set of US currencies containing all the denominations of notes and coins printed in 1930, the history of sites and buildings, and photographs of people involved in construction. The steel structure peaked at 1,048 feet (319 m) on Sept. 19, twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after construction began. The workers raised flags on the 86th floor to mark this milestone.
After that, work on the interior of the building and the coronation pole begins. The mast ended on November 21, two months after the steel plant was completed. Meanwhile, work on the walls and interiors goes quickly, with exterior walls built to the 75th floor when steelworks have been built on the 95th floor. The majority of the facade was completed in mid-November. Due to the height of the building, it is considered unfeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins, so the builders contracted with Otis Lift Company to make 66 cars that can go at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min), which represents the largest ever elevator order there at that time.
In addition to timing constraints, there is also limited space because construction materials must be delivered quickly, and trucks need to lower these materials without heavy traffic. This was solved by making temporary trails for trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets, and then storing materials on the first floor of buildings and dungeons. Concrete mixers, brick-woons, and stone hoists inside the building ensure that materials will rise quickly and without endangering or discomforting the public. At one point, more than 200 trucks made the delivery of materials at the building site every day. A series of relays and erections, placed on platforms built near the building, lifting steel from the truck below and installing the beam at the right location. The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11, 1931, twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction began. Al Smith shot the last rivet, made of pure gold.
The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak, including 3,439 on one day, August 14, 1930. Many workers were Irish and Italian immigrants, with a small part of Mohawk's ironworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal. According to official reports, five workers were killed during construction, although the New York Daily News reported 14 deaths and the title in the socialist magazine The New Masses spreading unfounded rumors. up to 42 deaths. The Empire State Building costs $ 40,948,900, including the Waldorf-Astoria demolition (equivalent to $ 533,628,800 in 2016). This is lower than the $ 60 million budgeted for development.
Lewis Hine caught many photographs of the construction, documenting not only the work itself but also giving insight into the daily life of the workers of that era. Hine images are used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases. According to writer Jim Rasenberger, Hine "climbed out into steel with ironworkers and hung from tow cords hundreds of feet above the city to capture, as no one has ever before (or ever since), a headache job of building skyscrapers." In Rasenberger's words, Hine changed what might be a "corporate flak" assignment to "an exhilarating art". These images are then organized into their own collections. The audience was fascinated by the height at which the steelworkers operated. New York wrote a magazine about steelworkers: "Like a small spider that works hard, turning steel fabric into the sky".
Opening and early years
The Empire State Building was officially opened on May 1, 1931, forty-five days prior to the project's opening date, by US President Herbert Hoover, who turned on the building lights with a thrilling ceremonial button from Washington, DC. Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony, and after lunch, on the 86th floor included Jimmy Walker, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Al Smith. An account of the day stated that the view from lunch was obscured by fog, with other landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty being "lost in the fog". The building was officially opened the next day. The ads for the observatory were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also released advertisements that praised the proximity to the newly opened tower.
According to The New York Times, real estate builders and speculators predict that the 1,250ft (380m) Empire State Building will be the tallest building in the world "for years", ending the New York City skyscraper Competition. At that time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building that is taller than 1,200 feet (370 m), even with Manhattan's strong foundation as the foundation. (Technically, it is believed possible to build towers up to 2,000 feet (610 m), but considered uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.) As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the first over 100 floors, the Empire State Building becoming an icon of the city and, ultimately, the nation.
The opening of the Empire State Building coincided with the Great Depression in the United States, and as a result many of its office space was empty of its opening. In the first year, only 23% of the available space was leased, compared to the early 1920s, where the average building will be occupied 52% upon opening and 90% leased within five years. The lack of tenants led New York to scoff at buildings as "Empty Buildings".
Jack Brod, one of the longest tenants in the building, founded the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931 and rented a place in the building until he died in 2008. Brod recalls that there were only about 20 tenants at the opening, including him , and that Al Smith is the only real tenant in space above his office on the seventh floor. Generally, during the early 1930s, there was rarely more than one office space rented in the building, although Smith's and Raskob made aggressive marketing efforts in newspapers and to anyone they knew. The lights of the building continued to burn, even in the vestibule, to give the impression of dwelling. This is compounded by competition from the Rockefeller Center as well as from the buildings on 42nd Street, which when combined with the Empire State Building, produces excess office space in a slow market.
Aggressive marketing efforts serve to strengthen the status of Kingdom House Building as the highest in the world. Observatories are advertised in local newspapers and also on train tickets. The building became a popular tourist attraction, with one million people paying a dollar for the elevator ride to the observation deck in 1931. In its first year of operation, the observation deck generated revenues of about $ 2 million, just as its owner did. in that year's lease. In 1936, the observation deck was packed every day, with food and drink available for purchase at the top, and in 1944 the tower had received 5 million visitors. In 1931, NBC took the lease, renting space on the 85th floor for a radio broadcast. From the beginning the building was owed, losing $ 1 million annually in 1935. Real estate developer Seymour Durst recalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no lift service above the 45th floor, because the 41st floor building was empty except the NBC office and the Raskob/Du Pont office on the 81st floor.
As planned early, the Empire State Building tower is meant to be an aircraft docking station. Raskob and Smith have proposed an automatic ticket office and passenger lounge on the 86th floor, while the airships themselves will be tied to the top of the tower equivalent to the 106th floor of the building. The elevator will carry passengers from the 86th floor to the 101st floor after they checked in on the 86th floor, after which the passengers will climb the steep stairs to board the plane. However, the idea was impractical and dangerous because of the strong electric current caused by the building itself, the winds in Manhattan, and the tower of nearby skyscrapers. Furthermore, even if the plane managed to navigate all of these obstacles, its crew had to throw off some weights by releasing water into the streets below to maintain stability, and then tying the aircraft's nose to the top of the tower without the mooring line securing the tail end of the plane. On September 15, 1931, in the first and only instance of a plane using a building pole, the small US Navy aircraft circled 25 times in 45 miles per hour (72 km/h) of wind. The plane then tried to dock at the stake, but the ballast was spilled and the plane was shaken by an unexpected whirl. The disaster plan is approaching to turn the building tower into an aircraft terminal, even though one air balloon manages to make a single newspaper delivery afterwards.
In 1932, the Fifth Avenue Association awarded the 1931 "gold medal" tower for architectural advantage, indicating that the Empire State was the best designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931. A year later, on March 2, 1933, the film King Kong was released. The film, depicting a great ape stop named Kong who climbed the Empire State Building, made the new building a cinematic icon.
On July 28, 1945, a B-25 bomber Mitchell crashed into the northern side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors. One machine actually penetrated the building and landed on the neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the landing gear fell below the elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident, but the building escaped severe damage and reopened two days later.
Profitability
The Empire State Building just started to become profitable in the 1950s, when it could finally break even for the first time. Despite the lack of nearby transportation centers, the Empire State Building is beginning to attract tenants because of its reputation. The 222-foot (68 m) radio antenna was erected on top of the tower beginning in 1950, allowing television stations in the region to be broadcast from the building.
However, apart from the turnaround of the building, Raskob placed the tower for sale in 1951, with a minimum asking price of $ 50 million. The property was purchased by business partners Roger L. Stevens, Henry Crown, Alfred R. Glancy, and Ben Tobin. The sale was brokered by Charles F. Noyes Company, a leading real estate company in Manhattan, for $ 51 million, the highest price paid for one structure at the time. At this time, Empire State has been fully hired for several years with a waiting list from parties wishing to rent space in the building, according to Cortland Standard. That year, six news agencies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $ 600,000 to use the tower antenna, which was completed in 1953. Crown bought its partner's stake in 1954, becoming the sole owner. The following year, the American Society of Civil Engineers named the building as one of the "Seven Wonders of Modern Civil Engineering".
In 1961, a group led by Harry B. Helmsley, Lawrence A. Wien, and Wien's son-in-law Peter L. Malkin took control of the building for $ 65 million, which became the new high price for a single structure. Over 3,000 people pay $ 10,000 for each share in a company called Empire State Building Associates. The company then relocated the building to another company led by Helmsley and Wein, raising the $ 33 million needed to pay the purchase price. In a separate transaction, the land under the building was sold to Prudential Insurance for $ 29 million. Helmsley, Wein and Malkin quickly began the program of small improvement projects, including the first building façade and window wash in 1962, the installation of new flood lights on floor 72 in 1964, and the replacement of manually operating elevators with automatic units in the year 1966. The western tip used on the second floor was used as storage space until 1964, at which time he received the escalator to the first floor as part of his conversion to a highly sought-after retail area.
Loss of title "highest building"
In 1961, the same year when Helmsley, Wien and Malkin bought the Empire State Building, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey officially supported the new World Trade Center plan in Lower Manhattan. The plan originally included a 66-storey twin tower with a column-free open space. The owners of the Empire State and real estate speculators are worried that the 7.6 million-square-foot twin tower (710,000m 2 ) of office space will create an empty space that can be rented in Manhattan as well as taking the State Building Profit Empire from lessee. A revision in the World Trade Center plan brings the twin towers to 1,370 feet (420 m) each or 110 floors, higher than the Empire State. Opponents of the new project include leading real estate developer Robert Tishman, as well as the Wien Committee for the Fair Trade World Trade Center. Responding to opposition Wein, Port Authority's executive director Austin J. Tobin said that Wein was only against the project as it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the tallest building in the world.
The World Trade Center twin towers began construction in 1966. The following year, the Ostankino Tower replaced the Empire State Building as the world's tallest free-standing structure. In 1970, the Empire State surrendered its position as the tallest building in the world, when the underworld Tower which was still under construction of the World Trade Center surpassed it, on October 19; The Northern Tower is seeded, on December 23, 1970.
In December 1975, the observation deck opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory in the Empire state. The Empire State Building also lost revenue during this period, mainly because a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay broadcasting fees for the Empire State until 1984.
In 1980, there were nearly two million visitors each year, although an earlier building official estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors. The building received its own postal code in May 1980 in a scroll of 63 new zip codes in Manhattan. At that time, tower tenants collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail each day. The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1, 1981, with a much publicized, but less acceptable, laser beam and "Empire State Building Week" which runs until May 8th.
The New York City Landmark Conservation Commission chose to make the lobby a city landmark on May 19, 1981, citing the historical nature of the first and second floors, as well as the interior "fixtures and components" of the upper floors. The building became National Historic Landmark in 1986 in close connection with the New York City Landmarks report. That year, the Plaza Hotel and the Metropolitan Museum of Art further also designated as the National Historic Landmark. The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the following year due to its architectural significance.
From the beginning to the mid-1990s, the building underwent a series of $ 55 million improvements with an alarm system, elevators, windows and air-conditioners replaced, an 86th floor observation deck accessible for disabled visitors, and a refurbished facade. Prudential sold under $ 199 million of land under building in 1991 to a buyer representing hotelier Hideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with a deadly fire at the Hotel New Japan hotel in Tokyo. The land was bought jointly by Donald Trump and Hideki Yokoi in 1994. After securing half the ownership of the land, Trump devised a plan to take ownership of the building itself so that he could renovate it, even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their restoration. project. He sued the Empire State Building Associates in February 1995, claiming that the latter had caused the building to be a "high-rise slum" and second-class office tower filled with rodents. Trump intends to make Empire State Building Associates issued for violating their lease terms, but is denied. this caused the Helmsley company to fight Trump in May. This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years, partly arising from Trump's desire to get a master building lease by taking it from the Empire State Building Associates. After the death of Harry Helmsley in 1997, Malkins sued Helmsley's widow, Leona Helmsley, for building ownership.
After 9/11
With the devastation of the World Trade Center in the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks the Empire State Building became the tallest building in New York City, but only the second tallest building in America after Willis Tower in Chicago. As a result of the attack, transmissions from almost all commercial television stations and FM radio stations were relayed from the Empire State Building. The attack also caused increased security due to the constant threat of terror against New York City landmarks.
In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claims to the Empire State Building Associates, which is now led by Malkin, with sales of $ 57.5 million. This action combines the title and lease of the building for the first time in half a century. Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatory in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003.
The remaining part of Leona Helmsley in the building was purchased by Peter Malkin's company in 2006. In 2008, the building was temporarily "stolen" by the New York Daily News to show how easy it is to transfer the deed on property, because the city clerk it is not necessary to validate the transmitted information, as well as to help show how fraudulent practices can be used to earn a large mortgage and then have the individual disappear with the money. Documents submitted to the city include the names of Fay Wray, famous star of King Kong, and Willie Sutton, a famous bank robber in New York. The newspaper then moved the deed back to the rightful owner, who was then Empire State Land Associates.
The public area of ​​the building received a $ 550 million renovation in 2009 (see Ã,§ massive renovation). The building received new air conditioning, waterproofing, a renovated observation deck and lobby, and a relocated 80th floor gift shop. This includes $ 120 million of energy-efficient improvements, enabling the building to receive the Gold Leadership Award in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) in September 2011. The new One World Trade Center surpassed the Empire State Building as the highest certified LEED building opened in 2014.
In 2014 the building is owned by the Empire State Realty Trust with Anthony Malkin as Chairman, CEO, and President. Details about the benefits of trust are scarce, but it is known that more income is gained from tourism than from renting office space in 2011. In August 2016, Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) acquired a 10% stake in the Empire State Building. through a $ 622 million investment in the Empire State Realty Trust. Trust president John Kessler called it "the endorsement of the company's irreplaceable assets". The investment has been described by real-estate magazine The Real Deal as an "unusual step for state wealth funds", as these funds usually buy shares directly in buildings rather than real estate companies. Other foreign entities that own shares in the Empire State Building include investors from Norway, Japan and Australia.
Architecture
The altitude of the Empire State Building, to the 102nd floor, is 1,250 feet (381 m), 1,453 feet 8 9 / 16 Ã, inches (443,092 m) including a peak of 203Ã, ft (61.9 m). The building has 85 floors of commercial and office space representing a total of 2,158,000 sqÃ, ft (200,500 m 2 ) space that can be rented. It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor, the highest floor inside the actual tower. The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco tower, which is bordered by an observatory on the 102nd floor. The spire of hollow towers without a floor between levels 86 and 102. Above the tower is the peak (61.9 m), which is mostly covered by a broadcast antenna , and overcome by lightning rod.
According to the official fact sheet, the building rises 1,860 steps from the first floor to the 102nd floor, weighs 365,000 short tons (331,122 t), has an internal volume of 37,000,000 cubic feet (1,000,000 m 3 ), and exterior with 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m 3 ) of limestone and granite. Tower exterior construction requires ten million bricks and 730 short tons (650 tons of length) of aluminum and stainless steel, and the interior requires 1,172 km (1,886 km) of elevator cables and 2,000,000 feet (609,600 m) of electrical wiring. The building has a capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors.
The building was crowned as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and street floor interiors are marked by the New York City Landmark Conservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Estimate Council. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one in AIA's Architecture of the Favorite of the America.
Exterior
Art deco design The Empire State Building is a typical pre-World War II architecture in New York. Modern stainless steel canopies from entrances at 33rd and 34th Streets lead to a two-level corridor around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steels and glass-covered bridges on the second floor. The steel frame glued to the building was originally designed to handle all the gravitational stresses and wind loads of the building. The exterior of this building is clad in an Indiana limestone panel sourced from the Empire Mill in Sanders, Indiana, which gives a distinctive blond color to the building. The limestone facade, which is coated with vertical steel mullion parallel to each window, also helps increase the rigidity of the steel frame against strong winds. The amount of material used in building construction produces a very rigid structure when compared to other skyscrapers, with a structural rigidity of 42 pounds per square foot (2.0 kPa) versus Willis Tower 33 pounds per square foot (1.6 kPa) and John Hancock Center's  £ 26 per square foot (1.2 kPa). A December 1930 feature at Popular Mechanics estimates that a building with Empire State dimensions will remain standing even if hit with a short 50 ton impact (45 ton long).
The Empire State Building design features a large setback and some smaller ones that reduce the dimension of the level as the altitude increases, thus making 81 floors lower much smaller than the five lower floors. However, this design allows sunlight to illuminate the upstairs interior and, in addition, the floor position is away from the noisy streets below. The design is mandated according to Zoning Resolution 1916, which is intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well. Typically, a building of the Empire State dimension will be allowed to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on 33rd/34th Street side, before it should capitalize on the setback. However, the setback was set in such a way that the biggest setback was on the sixth floor, above the "base" of five floors, so that the rest of the building on the sixth floor would have a uniform facade.
Interior
The Empire State Building is the first building to have more than 100 floors. It has 6,500 windows; 73 elevators; total floor area 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m 2 ); and a base that includes 2 acres (8,094 m 2 ). The 64 original elevators, built by Otis Elevator Company, are located in the center of the core and are diverse, with the longest elevator reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor. As originally built, there are four "express" elevators connecting the lobby, the 80th floor, and several landings between them; The other 60 "local" elevators connect the landing with the floor above this intermediate landing. Of the total 64 elevators, 58 for passenger use (consisting of four express elevators and 54 local lifts), and eight for delivery of goods. The elevator is designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute (366 m/min). At the time of construction of skyscrapers, their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute (213 m/min) under city law, but this limit was removed immediately after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to six floors above it, as six additional floors are built after 80 original stories are approved. The elevator operated mechanically until 2011, when they were replaced with a digital elevator during a $ 550 million building renovation. Empire State Building has 73 lifts, including service elevators.
Utilities are grouped in central axis. On each floor between levels 6 and 86, the central axle is surrounded by the main corridor on all four sides. As per the final specification of the building, the corridor is surrounded by a 28ft (8.5m) office space inside. Each floor has 210 structural poles passing through it, which provides structural stability, but limits the amount of open space on this floor. However, relative stone scarcity in buildings allows for more space overall, with a 1: 200 stone-to-building ratio in the Empire State compared to a 1:50 ratio in similar buildings.
Lobby
The main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue, on the east side of the building, and contains an entrance with a set of double doors between a pair of revolving doors. At the top of each door is a bronze motif representing one of three "crafts or industries" used in building construction - Electricity, Masonry, and Heating. The lobby contains two levels of marble, lighter marble at the top, above the storefront, and darker marble at the bottom, flattened out the window. There is a terrazzo zigzag tile pattern on the lobby floor, which leads from the entrance to the east to the aluminum reliefs in the west. The three-storey lobby, like the chapel, which runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets, contains storefronts on both the north and south sides. These storefronts are framed on each side by the dark "dark marble" darkened tubes, according to the New York City Demographic Conservation Commission, and above by a vertical band of grooves attached to marble. Immediately inside the lobby is an airport-style security checkpoint.
The walls on both the north and south sides of the house lobby the storefront and escalator to the mezzanine level. At the west end of the lobby is an aluminum relief from a skyscraper as it was originally built (ie without an antenna). The reliefs, intended to give a friendly effect, contain embossing building lines, accompanied by so-called Landmark Preservation Commissions as "the shining aluminum sun behind the [towers] and blend in with aluminum rays coming from the top of the tower of the Empire State Building." In the background is a map of New York state with a building location marked with a "medal" in the southeast section of the outline. A compass is located on the bottom right and a plaque for the main developer of the tower is on the bottom left.
The plaque at the western end of the lobby is located on the eastern wall of a rectangular-shaped corridor that surrounds the edge of the escalator, with a similar design to the lobby. The rectangular corridor actually consists of two long aisles on the north and south sides of the rectangle, as well as the shorter passageway on the east side and the other long corridor on the west side. At both ends of the north and south corridors, there is a bank with four low elevators between corridors. The western part of the rectangular elevator-bank corridor extends northward to the entrance of 34th Street and south to the 33rd Street entrance. It is bordered by three large storefronts and leads to the escalator leading to the second floor and into the basement. From west to east, there is a secondary entrance to 34 and 33 Roads from both north and south corridors, respectively, at about two-thirds of the point of each corridor.
Until the 1960s, art deco mural, inspired by sky and Machine Age, was installed in the ceiling of the lobby. Subsequent damage to these murals, designed by Leif Neandross artist, resulted in reproduction being installed. Renovations to the lobby in 2009, such as changing the clock on the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with an anemometer and installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it was initially opened, revived much of its original splendor. The northern corridor contains eight illuminated panels made in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renà ©  © e Nemorov, in time for the 1964 World Exposition, which describes the building as the Eighth Wonders of the World alongside the traditional seven. The building owner put up a series of paintings by New York artist Kysa Johnson at the concourse level. Johnson subsequently filed a federal suit, in January 2014, under the Visual Artistic Rights Act alleging the destruction of negligence from painting and damaging his reputation as an artist. As part of the building renovation in 2010, Denise Amses commissioned a job consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles, superimposed on a 13-by-5-foot (4.0 x 1.5 m) engraved glass installation, in the lobby.
Large renovations
The capital increase was made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $ 55 million. These improvements include replacement of alarm systems, elevators, windows and air conditioners; make an observation deck in accordance with America with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA); and repairing limestone facades. An observatory renovation was added after disability rights groups and the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the building in 1992, in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law. A settlement was reached in 1994, in which Empire State Building Associates agreed to add appropriate elements to the ADA, such as new elevators, ramps, and automatic doors, during ongoing renovations.
The public area of ​​the building received a $ 550 million renovation in 2009 with improvements to air conditioning and waterproofing, renovations to the main observation and lobby decks, and the relocation of the souvenir shop to the 80th floor. $ 120 million of the budget was spent on improving building energy efficiency with the aim of reducing energy emissions by 38% within five years. For example, all updated windows are placed into "coated-film superwindows" that block heat but skip light. The cost of operating the air conditioning on hot days is reduced, saving $ 17 million from the cost of project capital immediately and partly funding some other retrofits. The Empire State Building won the Gold Leadership Award in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) in September 2011, as well as the World Federation of Great Towers Excellence of Environment Award for 2010.
Features
Above 102nd floor
Broadcast station
Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, when NBC and RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna set up at the top of the tower, with two separate transmitters for visual and audio data. They rented out the 85th floor and built a laboratory there. In 1934, RCA joined Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative effort to test his FM system from building antennas. This arrangement, which requires installation of the world's first FM transmitter, resumes only until October next year due to a dispute between RCA and Armstrong. Specifically, NBC wants to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong transmitters are located.
After some time, the 85th floor became home to RCA television operations in New York originally as an experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then, from 1941, as a commercial station WNBT channel 1 (now a WNBC-TV channel 4). The NBC FM station, W2XDG, began transmitting from the antenna in 1940. NBC retained exclusive use of the building until 1950 when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered an exclusive deal terminated. The FCC guidelines are based on consumer complaints that the general location is required for seven New York-area television stations that are still there to send from so receiving the antenna does not have to be always adjusted. Other television broadcasters will then join RCA in buildings on floors 81 to 83, often together with FM radio stations. The construction of special broadcast towers began on July 27, 1950, with TV, and FM, transmission began in 1951. The broadcast tower was completed in 1953. From 1951, six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $ 600,000 per year for antenna use. In 1965, a separate set of FM antennas was built around the 103rd floor observation area to act as the main antenna.
The station placement at the Empire State Building became a major problem with the construction of the World Trade Center Twin Towers in the late 1960s, and early 1970s. The higher altitudes of the Twin Towers will reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building, eventually resulting in some broadcasters moving into newer towers rather than suing developers, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Although nine stations broadcasting from the Empire State Building leased their broadcast space until 1984, most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971. The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that Authority Ports should build poles and transmission equipment at The North Tower, and paid the broadcaster's rent at the Empire State Building until 1984. Only a few broadcasters renewed their lease at the Empire State Building.
The September 11, 2001 attacks destroyed the World Trade Center and broadcast centers above it, leaving most station stations without stations for ten days until the temporary tower was built in Alpine, New Jersey. Until October 2001, almost all of the city's commercial broadcasting stations (both television and FM radio) re-radiated from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report that Congress commissioned on the transition from analog television to digital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered "problematic" because of interference from other nearby towers. In comparison, the Congressional report states that the former Twin Towers have very few buildings with comparable heights nearby so the signal has little disturbance. In 2003, several FM stations were transferred to nearby Conde Nast Building to reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building. Eleven television stations and twenty-two FM stations have signed a 15-year lease on the building in May 2003. It is hoped that higher towers in Bayonne, New Jersey, or Governor's Island will be built temporarily with the Empire State. Buildings are used as "reserves" because signal transmissions from buildings generally have a worse quality.
In 2017, the Empire State Building is the site of the following stations:
- Television: WCBS-2, WNBC-4, WNYW-5, WABC-7, WWOR-9 Secaucus, WPIX-11, WNET-13 Newark, WNYE-25, WPXN-31, WXTV-41 Paterson , WNJU-47 Linden and WFUT-68 Newark
- FM: WNYL-92.3, WPAT-93.1 Paterson, WNYC-93.9, WPLJ-95.5, WXNY-96.3, WQHT-97.1, WSKQ-97.9, WEPN-98.7, WBAI-99.5, WHTZ-100.3 Newark, WCBS-101.1 , WFAN-101.9, WNEW-FM-102.7, WKTU-103.5 Lake Success, WAXQ-104.3, WWPR-105.1, WQXR-105.9 Newark, WLTW-106.7 and WBLS-107.5
Observation deck
Floors 86 and 102 contain observatories, which see a combined average of 4 million visitors per year. Since it opened, the observatory has been more popular than similar observatories at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Chrysler Building, the first One World Trade Center, or the Woolworth Building, although it is more expensive. Tourists must pay to visit the observation deck on the 86th floor and an additional amount for the 102nd floor.
The 86th floor observatory contains a closed section and a wide open section. The floor of the observatory 102 is completely closed and much smaller. The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005. The observation deck was redesigned in mid-1979.
According to a 2010 report by Concierge.com, the five routes to enter the observation deck are "as legendary as the building itself". Concierge.com states that there are five lines: the sidewalk line, the elevator line of the lobby, the ticket purchase path, the second lift line, and the path to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck. However, by 2016, the official New York City tourism website, NYCgo.com, records only three lines: a security checkpoint, a ticket purchase path, and a second lift lane. For an additional fee, travelers can jump to the front line. The Empire State Building garnered significant revenue from ticket sales for the observation deck, generating more money from ticket sales than from renting office space for several years.
New York Skyride
In early 1994, a motion simulator attraction was built on the 2nd floor, as a complement to the observation deck. The cinematic presentation lasts about 25 minutes, while the simulation is about eight minutes.
This journey has two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 to about 2002, featured James Doohan, Starry's Trek's Scotty, as a jet pilot trying to control the flight during a storm. After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the journey was closed. The updated version debuted in mid-2002, featuring actor Kevin Bacon as a pilot, with new flights also being damaged. This new version presents a more informative purpose, compared to the main entertainment purpose of the old version, and contains details about the 9/11 attacks. The simulator has received mixed reviews, with travel ratings ranging from "great" to "satisfying" to "tacky".
Lamp
The building was originally equipped with white spotlights above the tower. They saw their first use in November 1932 when they were on to signal Roosevelt's victory over Hoover in the presidential election that year. This was then exchanged for four "Freedom Lamps" in 1956. In February 1964, flood lights were added on the 72nd floor to illuminate the upper part of the building at night so the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year. The lights were turned off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of the energy crisis at the time. In 1976, businessman Douglas Leigh suggested that Helmsley install 204 metal halide lamps, which are four times brighter than the 1,000 incandescent bulbs they would replace. The red-white, white, and metal-halide lights were installed just in time for the country's two centuries anniversary in July. After two centuries, Helmsley retained a new lamp due to reduced maintenance costs, about $ 116 per year.
Since 1976, the tower has been lit in selected colors to match seasonal and holiday events. Organizations are allowed to make requests through building websites. The building was also lit in the color of a sports team headquartered in New York on the night when they held a match: for example, orange, blue, and white for the New York Knicks; red, white, and blue for the New York Rangers. It was twice in red to support Rutgers University of New Jersey, once for a football match against the University of Louisville on November 9, 2006, and again on April 3, 2007 when a women's basketball team played in a national championship game.
There are also special occasions where lights are modified from the usual schedule. After his eighteenth birthday, and subsequent death, from Frank Sinatra in 1998, for example, the building was bathed in blue light to represent the nickname of the singer "Ol 'Blue Eyes". After actress Fay Wray, who starred in King Kong , died in September 2004, the building lights were turned off for 15 minutes. Spotlights bathed the building in red, white, and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center in September 2001, then returned to the standard schedule. On June 4, 2002, the Empire State Building wore purple and gold (royal colors of Elizabeth II), as a token of thanks for the British Empire playing the Spangled Banner Stars during the Change of Guard at Buckingham Palace on 12 September 2001 (a show of support after September 11 attacks). On January 13, 2012, the building was lit with red, orange and yellow to celebrate the 60th anniversary of NBC's The Today Show program. From June 1 to 3, 2012, the building was illuminated in blue and white, the color of the Israeli flag, in honor of the 49th Parade of Israel's Parade.
During 2012, four hundred metal halide lamps and building floodlights were replaced with 1,200 LED fixtures, increasing the available color from nine to more than 16 j
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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