The fountain was originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and used to provide drinking water and water for bathing and washing to city, town and village residents. Until the late 19th century most of the fountains were operated by gravity, and required higher water sources from fountains, such as reservoirs or waterways, to create water or jet streams into the air.
In addition to providing drinking water, fountains are used for decoration and to celebrate their builders. Roman fountain decorated with bronze mask or stone animal or hero. In the Middle Ages, Moorish and Muslim garden designers used a fountain to create a miniature version of a paradise garden. King Louis XIV of France used a fountain in the Versailles Garden to illustrate his power over nature. The baroque decorative fountains of Rome in the 17th and 18th centuries mark the arrival point of the restored Roman water channel and glorify the Pope who built it.
At the end of the 19th century, when water channels in the home became the main source of drinking water, urban fountains became purely decorative. The mechanical pump replaces gravity and allows the fountain to recycle water and force it up into the air. Jet d'Eau in Lake Geneva, built in 1951, shot water 140 meters (460 feet) in the air. The world's tallest fountain is King Fahd Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which spits 260 meters (850Ã, ft) above the Red Sea.
The fountain is used today to decorate the park and the town square; to respect individuals or events; for recreation and entertainment. Splash pad or spray pool allows the townspeople to enter, wet and cool in summer. The music fountain combines the flow of flowing water, colored lights and recorded music, controlled by the computer, for dramatic effect. The fountain can also be a musical instrument played by the obstruction of one or more of their water jets. Drinking fountains provide clean drinking water in public buildings, parks and public spaces.
Video Fountain
History
Ancient fountain
Ancient civilizations built stone basins to capture and hold valuable drinking water. An ornate stone basin, dating back to 2000 BC, was found in the ruins of the ancient city of Sumeria, Lagash in modern Iraq. The ancient Assyrians built a series of hollows in the Comel River gorge, engraved in solid rock, connected by a small channel, down into the river. The lowest basin is decorated with two lion carvings. The ancient Egyptians had an ingenious system for lifting water from the Nile for drinking and irrigation, but without a higher water source, it was impossible to create a stream of water with gravity, and no Egyptian fountain or fountain images were found.
The ancient Greeks used aqueduct and gravity-powered fountain to distribute water. According to ancient historians, the fountain was in Athens, Corinth, and other ancient Greek cities in the 6th century BC as the end point of the aqueduct that carried water from springs and streams to cities. In the 6th century BC, the ruler of Athens Peisistratos built the main springs of Athens, Enneacrounos , in Agora, or the main square. It has nine large cannons, or spouts, that supply drinking water to the locals.
The Greek fountain is made of stone or marble, with water flowing through a bronze pipe and emerging from the mouth of a sculpted mask representing the head of a lion or an animal's muzzle. Most Greek fountains flow by simple gravity, but they also find a way of using the siphon principle to create a spout of water, as seen in the image in the Greek vase.
Ancient Roman fountain
The Ancient Romans built a vast system of waterways from rivers and mountain lakes to provide water for Roman fountains and baths. The Roman engineers used tin pipes instead of bronze to distribute water throughout the city. Excavations in Pompeii, which uncovered such a city when it was destroyed by Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, found fountains and free-standing basins placed at intervals along the city streets, fed by sucking water up from the lead pipe under the road. The Pompeii excavations also show that the rich Romanesque house often had a small fountain in the atrium, or interior courtyard, with water coming from the city's water supply and spouting it into a small bowl or basin.
Ancient Rome is a fountain city. According to Sextus Julius Frontinus, the Roman consul named the curator aquarum or Roman water guard in 98 AD, Rome has nine waterways feeding 39 monumental fountains and 591 common basins, excluding water. supplied to Imperial households, baths and private villa owners. Each of the main fountains is connected to two different waterways, in one case closed for service.
The Romans were able to make jets fountains into the air, using the pressure of water flowing from distant water sources and higher to create hydraulic heads, or strengths. Illustrations of fountains in the springs garden were found on the wall paintings in Rome from the 1st century BC, and in the villas of Pompeii. Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli features a large swimming pool with a jet of water. Pliny the Younger describes the banquet hall of a Roman villa where the fountain begins to drain water as the visitors sit on a marble seat. Water flows into the basin, where a banquet program is presented in a floating boat-shaped dish.
The Roman engineers built waterways and fountains throughout the Roman Empire. Examples can be found today in the ruins of Roman cities in Vaison-la-Romaine and Glanum in France, in Augst, Switzerland, and other sites.
Medieval fountain
During the Middle Ages, Roman aqueducts were damaged or destroyed, and many fountains throughout Europe stopped working, so fountains were primarily in art and literature, or in remote monasteries or palace gardens. The fountain in the Middle Ages was associated with the source of life, purity, wisdom, innocence, and the Garden of Eden. In illuminated manuscripts such as Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (1411-1416), the Garden of Eden is shown with a graceful elegant fountain in the center (see illustration). Ghent Altarpiece by Jan van Eyck, completed in 1432, also shows the fountain as a feature of mystical sheep adoration, a scene that seems set in heaven.
Monastery of the monastery should be a replica of the Garden of Eden, protected from the outside world. A simple fountain, called lavabos, is placed inside medieval monasteries like the Le Thoronet Monastery in Provence and used to wash rituals before worship.
Fountains are also found in medieval covered jardins d'amour, "loving gardens" - ornamental gardens used for courtship and relaxation. The medieval love story The Roman de la Rose describes a fountain in a covered garden, feeding a small stream bordered by fresh flowers and spices.
Some medieval fountains, like the cathedrals of their time, portray biblical stories, local history and the virtues of their time. The Fontana Maggiore in Perugia, dedicated in 1278, is adorned with stone carvings representing prophets and saints, allegories of art, laborers of the moon, zodiac signs, and landscapes of Genesis and Roman history.
Medieval fountains can also provide entertainment. The Counts of Artois Gardens in ChÃÆ'Â ¢ teau de Hesdin, built in 1295, contains a famous fountain, called the Les Merveilles de Hesdin ("Hesdin Miracle") that can be triggered to dampen the diners' surprise.
The Fountain of the Islamic World
Shortly after the spreading of Islam, the Arabs formulated the design, and built, the famous Islamic gardens. The Islamic gardens after the 7th century are traditionally covered by walls and designed to represent paradise. The gardens of heaven, arranged in the form of a cross, with four channels representing the rivers of heaven, divide the four parts of the world. Water sometimes springs from a fountain in the middle of a cross, representing a fountain or fountain, Salsabil, described in the Qur'an as the source of the rivers of Heaven.
In the 9th century, Ban? Miss? brother, the trio of Arab Inventors, commissioned by the Khalifah of Baghdad to summarize the technical knowledge of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. They wrote a book called Book of Ingenious Devices , describing the works of the 1st-century Greek Hero Engineer of Alexandria and other engineers, plus many of their own inventions. They describe fountains that form water into various forms and wind powered water pumps, but it is unknown whether their fountains were ever actually built.
The Persian rulers of the Middle Ages had an elaborate system of water and fountain distribution in their palaces and gardens. Water is carried by pipes to the palace from sources at higher altitudes. Once inside the palace or garden it appears through a small hole in a marble or stone ornament and poured into a basin or garden. The Pasargades Garden has a canal system that flows from the basin to the basin, watering the garden and making a pleasant sound. Persian engineers also used the principle of siphon (called shotor-gelu in Persia, literally "camel's neck) to create a fountain that spewed water or made it resemble a bubbling spring." Fin garden, near Kashan, 171 spouts connected to the pipe to create a fountain called Howz-e jush , or "boiling basin".
Persian Persian poet of the 11th century, Azraqi described the Persian fountains:
- From an incredible golden faucet pouring waves
- whose clarity is purer than the soul;
- Turquoise and silver bands form a ribbon in the basin
- comes from this golden faucet...
The reciprocating movement was first described in 1206 by Iraqi engineers and inventors of al-Jazari when the kings of the Turkish dynasty of Artuqid assigned him to produce machines to raise water for their castles. The best result is a machine called a double-acting reciprocating piston pump, which translates rotary motion into reciprocating motion through a crankshaft linking mechanism.
The Spanish Moorish palaces, especially the Alhambra in Granada, have a famous fountain. The Sultan's terrace in the Generalife gardens of Granada (1319) features water droplets flowing into the pond, with ducts that irrigate citrus trees and myrtle trees. The garden was modified for centuries - the jets of water that cross the canals of today are added in the 19th century. The fountain in the Court of the Lions of Alhambra, built from 1362 to 1391, is a large vase that is mounted on twelve stone lion statues. Water sprays upward in the vasque and flows from the mouths of the lions, filling the four channels that divide the page into quadrants. The hollows date from the 14th century, but the water-spraying lion is believed to be older, dating from the 11th century.
The design of Islamic parks spread throughout the Islamic world, from the Spanish Moors to the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The Shalimar Garden built by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1641, is said to be decorated with 410 fountains, which are inserted into large pools, canals and marble pools.
In the Ottoman Empire, the rulers often built a fountain next to the mosque so pilgrims could perform their washing rituals. Examples include the Qasim Pasha Fountain (1527), Temple Mount, Jerusalem, a wudoo and fountain built during Ottoman rule from the Extraordinary Suleiman; The Fountain of Ahmed III (1728) in Topkap? Palace, Istanbul, another Fountain of Ahmed III in ÃÆ'Ã… "skÃÆ'¼dar (1729) and Tophane Fountain (1732). The palace itself often has a small decorated fountain, which provides drinking water, cools the air, and makes a pleasant splash sound. One surviving example is the Fountain of Tears (1764) at the Bakhchisarai Palace, in the Crimea; made famous by Alexander Pushkin's poem. The sebil is a decorated fountain that is often the only source of water for the surrounding environment. It is often assigned as an act of Islamic piety by the rich.
Renaissance splendor of Renaissance (15th-17th century)
In the fourteenth century, Italian humanist scholars began to rediscover and translate forgotten Roman texts on architecture by Vitruvius, to hydraulics by the Hero of Alexandria, and descriptions of Roman gardens and fountains by Pliny the Younger, Pliny the Elder, and Varro. The treatise on architecture, De re aedificatoria , by Leon Battista Alberti, described in detail Roman villas, gardens and fountains, became a guide book for Renaissance builders.
In Rome, Pope Nicholas V (1397-1455), himself a scholar who commissioned hundreds of ancient Greek classical translations into Latin, decided to embellish the city and make it a worthy capital of the Christian world. In 1453, he began rebuilding Acqua Vergine, a broken Roman water channel that had brought clean drinking water to the city from eight miles (13 km) away. He also decided to revive the Roman custom of marking the arrival point of the water channel with mostra , a large warning fountain. He commissioned the architect Leon Battista Alberti to build a fountain where the Trevi Fountain is now located. The waterway he returns, with modifications and extensions, eventually supplies water to the Trevi Fountain and the famous baroque fountain at Piazza del Popolo and Piazza Navona.
One of the first fountains built in Rome during the Renaissance was a fountain in the piazza in front of the church of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1472), which was placed on the site of the Roman fountain earlier. The design, based on earlier Roman models, with a circular vasque on a pedestal that pours water into the basin below, became the model for many other fountains in Rome, and finally for fountains in other cities, from Paris to London.
In 1503, Pope Julius II decided to create a classic fun garden in the same place. The new park, called Cortile del Belvedere, was designed by Donato Bramante. The park is decorated with a collection of famous classical statues of the Pope, and with a fountain. The Venetian ambassador wrote in 1523, "... On one side of the garden is the most beautiful loggia, at one end is a beautiful fountain that irrigates citrus trees and the rest of the garden with a small canal at the center of the loggia... native was split in two by the construction of the Vatican Library in the 16th century, but a new fountain by Carlo Maderno was built in Cortile del Belvedere, with a jet of water spraying from a circular stone bowl on an octagonal base in a large basin.
In 1537, in Florence, Cosimo I de 'Medici, who had been the ruler of the city at the age of 17, also decided to launch a water and fountain construction program. The city previously got all its drinking water from wells and rainwater reservoirs, which meant that there was little water or water pressure to run the fountain. Cosimo built a large enough waterway for the first fountain in Florence, the Fountain of Neptune in Piazza della Signoria (1560-1567). This fountain features an enormous white marble Neptune statue, resembling Cosimo, by the sculptor Bartolomeo Ammannati.
Under the Medici, the fountain is not only a water source, but an advertisement of the power and virtue of the city authorities. They became a central element not only from the town square but from the new Italian Renaissance garden. The great Medici Villa in Castello, built for Cosimo by Benedetto Varchi, features two monumental fountains on its central axis; one shows with two bronze figures representing Hercules killing Antaeus, representing Cosimo's victory over his enemies; and a second fountain, amid a labyrinth of cypress, laurel, myrtle and rose, has a bronze statue by Giambologna that shows the Venus goddess wringing her hair. The planet Venus is governed by Capricorn, which is the emblem of Cosimo; the fountain symbolizes that he is the absolute ruler of Florence.
In medieval Renaissance, the fountain has become a form of theater, with waterfalls and jets of water coming from animal marble statues and mythological figures. The most famous fountain of this species is found in Villa d'Este (1550-1572), in Tivoli near Rome, which features hillsides from basins, fountains and water jets, as well as fountains that produce music by pouring water into space , forcing air into a series of flute pipes. The gardens also showcase giochi d'acqua , water jokes, hidden fountains that are suddenly soaked by visitors. Between 1546 and 1549, the Paris merchants built the first Renaissance-style fountain in Paris, Fontaine des Innocents, to commemorate the king's entry into the city. The fountain, which originally stood on the walls of the Holy Innocents church, was rebuilt several times and now stands on the square near Les Halles. This is the oldest fountain in Paris.
Henry built an Italian-style garden with a fountain that shoots vertical water jets for his favorite lover, Diane de Poitiers, alongside ChÃÆ'Â Â ¢ teau de Chenonceau (1556-1559). At Royal ChÃÂÂ ¢ teau de Fontainebleau, he built another fountain with a bronze statue of Diane, a hunting goddess, who imitated Diane de Poitiers.
Then, after the death of Henry II, his widow, Catherine de Medici, drove Diane de Poitiers from Chenonceau and built her own fountain and garden there.
King Henry IV of France made an important contribution to the French fountain by inviting an Italian hydraulic engineer, Tommaso Francini, who has worked at the fountain villa in Pratalino, to create a fountain in France. Francini became a French citizen in 1600, built the Medici Fountain, and during the reign of the young King Louis XIII, he grew up in the position of Intendant gÃÆ' Ã © nal des Eaux et Fontaines of the king, a hereditary position. Her descendants became royal fountain designers for Louis XIII and Louis XIV at Versailles.
In 1630, another Medici, Marie de Medici, widow of Henry IV, built his monumental fountain in Paris, the Medici Fountain, in the park of Palais du Luxembourg. The fountain still exists today, with water and long statues added in 1866.
Baroque fountains (17th-18th century)
Roman Baroque Fountain
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the golden age for the fountain in Rome, which began with the reconstruction of broken Roman waterways and construction by the Pope of the mostra, or displaying fountains, to mark their term. The new fountain is a new Baroque art expression, formally promoted by the Catholic Church as a way of winning popular support for the Protestant Reformation; The Council of Trent had declared in the sixteenth century that the Church had to fight violent Protestantism with luxurious, animated and emotional art. The Roman fountain, like the paintings of Rubens, is an example of the Baroque art principle. They are crowded with allegorical figures, and full of emotion and movement. In this fountain, the statue becomes the main element, and water is used only to animate and decorate the statue. They, like baroque gardens, are "a visual representation of faith and strength."
The first of the Fountains of St. Peter's Square, by Carlo Maderno, (1614) was one of the earliest Baroque fountains in Rome, created to complement the luxurious Baroque façade he designed for St. Peter's Basilica behind him. It was fed by water from the Paola water channel, restored in 1612, whose source is 266 feet (81 m) above sea level, meaning it can shoot twenty feet of water from a fountain. The shape, with a large circular vasque on a pedestal that pours water into a basin and vasque upside down over it spews water, imitated two centuries later at the Fountains of the Place de la Concorde in Paris.
The Triton Fountain at Piazza Barberini (1642), by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is a masterpiece of Baroque statues, representing Triton, half human and half fish, blowing its horns to calm water, following the text by the Roman poet Ovid at Metamorphoses. The Triton water source benefited from its location in the valley, and the fact that it was fed by the Aqua Felice aqueduct, restored in 1587, arrives in Rome at an altitude of 194 feet (59 m) above sea level (fasl), a 130 foot (40 m) at the height between the source and the fountain, which means that the water from this fountain is sprayed sixteen feet straight into the air from the conch shell of the triton.
Piazza Navona becomes a magnificent water theater, with three fountains, built on the line at the Domitianus Stadium site. The fountain at both ends is by Giacomo della Porta; Neptune's fountain to the north, (1572) shows the Sea God spearing an octopus, surrounded by tritons, sea horses and mermaids. At the southern end is Il Moro, possibly also a figure of Neptune riding a fish in a conch shell. In the center is Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, (Fountain of the Four Rivers) (1648-51), a very theatrical fountain by Bernini, with statues representing rivers from four continents; Nile River, Danube, Plate River and Ganges. The whole structure is an Egyptian obelisk as high as 54 feet (16 m), crowned by a cross with the emblem of the Pamphili family, representing Pope Innocent X, whose family palace is in the piazza. The theme of a fountain with statues representing large rivers was then used at the Place de la Concorde (1836-40) and at the Fountain of Neptune at Alexanderplatz in Berlin (1891). The fountain at Piazza Navona has one drawback - their water comes from Acqua Vergine, which has only a 23 feet (7.0 m) drop from the source to the fountain, which means water can only fall or drip down, not a very high jet into on.
The Trevi Fountain is the largest and most spectacular of the Roman fountains, designed to glorify three different whales who created it. It was built beginning in 1730 at the end of the reconstructed Acqua Vergine waterway, at the Renaissance fountain site by Leon Battista Alberti. It is the work of architects Nicola Salvi and the successive projects of Pope Clement XII, Pope Benedict XIV and Pope Clement XIII, whose insignia and inscriptions are carried on attic stories, entablature and central niches. The central figure is Oceanus, the personification of all oceans and oceans, on oyster shells, surrounded by Tritons and Nimfa Seas.
In fact, the fountain has very little water pressure, because it is a source of water, such as a source for the Piazza Navona fountain, Acqua Vergine, with a 23-foot (7.0 m) drop. Salvi offset this problem by drowning the fountain into the ground, and carefully designing the cascade so that the water flows and falls, to add movement and drama. Writing historians Maria Ann Conelli and Marilyn Symmes, "On many levels, Trevi alters the appearance, function and purpose of the fountain and is a turning point for future design."
Baroque fountains in Rome
Baroque fountain of Versailles
Beginning in 1662, King Louis XIV of France began to build a new type of park, the Park ÃÆ' la franÃÆ'§aise, or the French formal garden, at the Palace of Versailles. In this park, the fountain plays a central role. He uses a fountain to show man's power over nature, and to illustrate the splendor of his reign. In the Gardens of Versailles, instead of falling naturally into the basin, water is fired into the sky, or formed into a fan or bouquet shape. Water dancing combined with music and fireworks to form a great spectacle. This fountain is the work of the descendants of Tommaso Francini, an Italian hydraulic engineer who came to France during Henry IV and built the Medici Fountain and Fountain of Diana in Fontainebleau.
The two fountains are the centerpiece of the Gardens of Versailles, both derived from myths about Apollo, the sun god, the emblem of Louis XIV, and both symbolize its power. Fontaine Latone (1668-70) designed by AndrÃÆ' Â © Le NÃÆ'Â'tre and carved by Gaspard and Balthazar Marsy, symbolizes the story of how the Lycian peasants tortured Latona and his sons, Diana and Apollo, and was punished by turning into a frog. This is a reminder of how French peasants have abused the mother of Louis, Anne of Austria, during the so-called Fronde revolt in the 1650s. When the fountain is lit, water sprays flow over the farmers, which is frenzied when they turn into creatures.
The other core of the Gardens, at the intersection of the main axis of the Gardens of Versailles, is the Bassin d'Apollon (1668-71), designed by Charles Le Brun and carved by Jean Baptiste Tuby. The statue shows a theme that is also depicted in the décor painted in the Versailles Palace Mirror Hall: Apollo in his chariot will rise from the water, announced by the Tritons with trumpet trumpets. Historians Mary Anne Conelli and Marilyn Symmes wrote, "Designed for dramatic effect and to flatter the king, the fountain is oriented so that the Sun God rises from the west and moves east toward the chateau, contrary to nature."
In addition to these two monumental fountains, The gardens for many years contain dozens of other fountains, including thirty-nine preserved animals in a labyrinth that portrays the fairy tales of Jean de La Fontaine.
There are so many fountains in Versailles that there's no way they all run all at once; when Louis XIV made his promenade, his fountain bidders lit a fountain in front of him and put out the people behind him. Louis built a large pumping station, Machine de Marly, with fourteen water wheels and 253 pumps to raise water three hundred meters from the Seine, and even tried to divert the Eure River to provide water for its fountain, but the water supply was never enough.
Baroque fountain of Peterhof
In Russia, Peter the Great established a new capital in St. Petersburg. Petersburg in 1703 and built a small Summer Palace and gardens right there beside the River Neva. The park features a fountain of two sea monsters spouting water, among the earliest fountains in Russia.
In 1709, he began to build a larger palace, Peterhof Palace, next to the Gulf of Finland, Peter visited France in 1717 and saw the parks and fountains of Louis XIV in Versailles, Marly and Fontainebleau. When he returned, he began to build a large garden ÃÆ' la franÃÆ'§ with a fountain at Peterhof. The main feature of the park is the waterfall, modeled after a cascade in ChÃÆ' Â ¢ teau de Marly of Louis XIV, built in 1684. The gardens include a fountain of tricks designed to damp unsuspecting visitors, a popular feature of the Italian Renaissance garden. ,
In 1800-1802 Emperor Paul I of Russia and his successor, Alexander I of Russia, built a new fountain at the foot of the cascade depicting Samson prying the mouth of a lion, representing Peter's victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War in 1721. The fountain was fed by a reservoir in the upper gardens, while the Samson fountain is fed by a water channel built specifically four kilometers in length.
19th century fountain
In the early 19th century, London and Paris built new waterways and fountains to supply clean drinking water to their bursting population. Napoleon Bonaparte began construction on the first canal carrying drinking water to Paris, fifteen new fountains, the most famous being Fontaine du Palmier at Place du ChÃÂ telet, (1896-1808), celebrating his military victory.
He also recovered and returned it to some of the city's oldest fountains, such as the Medici Fountain. Two Napoleon fountains, the Chateau d'Eau and the fountain at Place des Vosges, are the first pure fountains in Paris, with no tap water for drinking water.
Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) continued the work of Napoleon, and added some of Paris's most famous fountains, especially the Fontaines de la Concorde (1836-1840) and the fountain at Place des Vosges.
After the deadly cholera epidemic in 1849, Louis Napoleon decided to completely rebuild Paris's water supply system, separating the water supply for the fountain from the water supply for drinking. The most famous fountain built by Louis Napoleon is Fontaine Saint-Michel, part of a major reconstruction of the streets of Paris. Louis Napoleon relocated and rebuilt some of the earlier fountains, such as the Medici Fountain and Fontaine de Leda, when their original site was destroyed by construction projects.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the first fountain built in the United States, connected to the first water channel that brought drinking water from out of town. The first fountain in Philadelphia, at Center Square, opened in 1809, and featured sculptures by sculptor William Rush. The first fountain in New York City, at City Hall Park, opened in 1842, and the first fountain in Boston was lit in 1848. The first famous American fountain is the Bethesda Fountain at Central Park in New York City, opened on year 1873..
The 19th century also saw the introduction of new materials in fountain construction; cast iron (Fontaines de la Concorde); glass (Crystal Fountain in London (1851)) and even aluminum (Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at Picadilly Circus, London, (1897)).
The invention of the steam pump means that water can be supplied directly to the house, and pumped up from the fountain. The new fountain at Trafalgar Square (1845) uses a steam pump from artesian wells. By the end of the 19th century fountains in big cities were no longer used to supply drinking water, and were merely the art form and decor of the city.
Another 19th century fountain innovation is a lit fountain: The Bartholdi Fountain at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876 is illuminated by gas lamps. In 1884 a fountain in England featured electric lights that shined upward through the water. The Exposition Universelle (1889), which celebrates the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution, features a fountain illuminated by electric lights that shine despite the water columns. The fountain, located in a forty-foot basin, is colored by a colored glass plate inserted over the lamp. Fountain of Progress gives the show three times every night, for twenty minutes, with a series of different colors.
20th century fountain
The fountain in Paris in the 20th century no longer had to supply drinking water - they were purely decorative; and, since their water usually comes from rivers and not from urban waterways, their water is no longer drinkable. Twenty-eight new fountains were built in Paris between 1900 and 1940; nine new fountains between 1900 and 1910; four between 1920 and 1930; and fifteen between 1930 and 1940.
The largest fountain of the time was built for the 1900, 1925 and 1937 International Exposition, and for the 1931 Colonial Exhibition. Of them, only the fountain of the 1937 exposition at the Palais de Chaillot still exists. (See Fountains of International Expositions).
Only a handful of fountains were built in Paris between 1940 and 1980. The most important ones built during that period were in the suburbs, to the west, beyond the city limits, at La DÃ © fense, and to the east. in the Bois de Vincennes.
Between 1981 and 1995, during the time of President Franç§ois Mitterrand and Culture Minister Jack Lang, and bitter political rival Mitterrand, Paris Mayor Jacques Chirac (Mayor from 1977 to 1995), the city underwent a monumental fountain program that exceeded that of Napoleon Bonaparte or Louis Philippe. Over a hundred fountains were built in Paris in the 1980s, mostly in the neighborhood outside of central Paris, where there were several fountains before It included Fontaine Cristaux, a tribute to BÃÆ'Ã… © la BartÃÆ'³k by Jean-Yves Lechevallier (1980) ; Stravinsky Fountain next to Pompidou Center, by sculptor Niki de Saint Phalle and Jean Tinguely (1983); fountain of the Louvre Pyramid by I.M. Pei, (1989), Buren Fountain by the sculptor Daniel Buren, the fountain of Les SphÃÆ'  rades, both at the Palais-Royal, and the Parc AndrÃÆ' © -CitroÃÆ'¡n Parc fountain. The Mitterrand-Chirac fountain has no single style or theme. Many fountains are designed by renowned sculptors or architects, such as Jean Tinguely, I.M. Pei, Claes Oldenburg, and Daniel Buren, who have very different ideas about what a fountain should be. Some are solemn, and others are weird. Most try little to mingle with their surroundings - they are designed to attract attention.
Several new fountains have been built in Paris since 2000. The most famous is La Danse de la fontaine emergente (2008), located at the Augusta-Holmes Place, rue Paul Klee, in the 13th arrondissement. It was designed by French-Chinese sculptor Chen Zhen (1955-2000), shortly before his death in 2000, and completed through the efforts of his spouse and collaborator. It shows a dragon, in stainless steel, glass and plastic, emerging and drowning from the sidewalk of the square. Water under pressure flows through a transparent dragon skin.
The fountain built in the United States between 1900 and 1950 mostly follows the European model and classic style. The Samuel Francis Dupont Memorial Chapel, in Dupont Circle, Washington DC, was designed and coined by Henry Bacon and Daniel Chester French, the architect and sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, in 1921, in pure neoclassical style..
The Buckingham Fountain at Grant Park in Chicago is one of the first American fountains to use a powerful modern pump to fire water as high as 150 feet (46 meters) into the air. The Fountain of Prometheus, built at Rockefeller Center in New York City in 1933, is the first American fountain in Art-Deco style.
After World War II, the fountains in the United States became more varied in shape. Some, such as the Vaillancourt Fountain in San Francisco (1971), are pure works of art. Other fountains, such as Frankin Roosevelt Warning Waterfall (1997), by architect Lawrence Halprin, are designed as landscapes to illustrate themes. This fountain is part of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial at Washington D.C., which has four outdoor "rooms" that portray its Presidency. Each "space" contains a cascade or waterfall; cascade in the third chamber illustrates the turbulence of World War II years. Halprin writes in the early stages of design; "The whole warning environment becomes a statue: to touch, feel, hear and contact - with all the senses."
The late 20th century the development of a high fountain shot, beginning with the Jet d'eau in Geneva in 1951, and followed by a higher and higher fountain in the United States and the Middle East. The highest fountain of the day is at King Fahd Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
It also sees the growing popularity of musical fountains, which combine water, music and light, which are choreographed by computers. (See the Music fountain below).
Contemporary fountain (2001-2011)
A fountain called Bit. Dropped by German artist Julius Popp (2005) uses digital technology to spell words with water. The fountain is run by a statistical program that selects random words from news on the Internet. Then repeat these words into images. Then 320 nozzles inject water into the electromagnetic valve. The program employs rasterization and bitmap technology to synchronize the valve so that water droplets make up images of words as they fall. According to Popp, sheets of water are "metaphors for the constant flow of information from which we can not escape."
Crown Fountain is an interactive fountain fountain and video sculpture feature in Chicago's Millennium Park. Designed by Catalan artist Jaume Plensa, it opened in July 2004. This fountain consists of a black granite pool that bounces between a pair of glass brick towers. The tower is 50 feet (15 m) tall, and they use a light-emitting diode (LED) to display digital video on their faces. The construction and design of Crown Fountain cost US $ 17 million. If weather permits, water operates from May to October, intermittently flowing down the two towers and spraying fire through the nozzle in front of each tower's face.
La Danse de la fontaine emergente, Place Augusta-Holmes, Paris (13th arrondissement) (2008), is the newest fountain in Paris. The fountain is designed to resemble a dragon winding around the square, emerging and sinking from the sidewalk. The dragon skin is transparent, showing the water flowing inside. The water flowing inside the dragon is under pressure and illuminated at night. It is made of stainless steel, glass, and plastic. It was designed by French-Chinese sculptor Chen Zhen (1955-2000)
The fountain is in three parts. A dragon relief depends on the wall of the water supply plant structure, and the dragon appears to emerge from the wall and plunge underground. The dragon part is blurred. The second and third sections illustrate the arch of the dragon's back coming out of the sidewalk. These dragon parts are transparent, and water under pressure flows in them, and is illuminated at night.
Maps Fountain
Music fountain
The music fountain creates a theatrical spectacle with music, light and water, usually using a variety of programmable spouts and water jets controlled by the computer.
The music fountain was first described in the 1st century by Greek scientists and Hero of Alexandria engineers in his book Pneumatics . Heroes describe and give pictures "A bird made whistling with a stream of water," "A Trumpet is heard by flowing water," and "Birds are made to sing and silence alternately by running water." In the Hero description, water pushes the air through a musical instrument to make sound. It is not known whether Hero created a working model of any design.
During the Italian Renaissance, the most famous musical fountain is located in the gardens of Villa d'Este, in Tivoli. created between 1550 and 1572. Following the ideas of the Hero of Alexandria, Fountain of the Owl used a series of bronze pipes like flutes to make bird sounds. The most famous feature of the park is the Great Organ Fountain. This is described by the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne, who visited the park in 1580: "Music from the Organ Fountain is true music, made naturally... made by water that falls violently into the cave, rounded and domed, and breathes air , which is forced to exit through organ pipes.Other water, bypassing the wheels, attacks in a certain order of organ keyboards.The organs also mimic the sound of trumpets, sounds of cannons, and musket sounds, made by sudden water fall... Fountains Organ falls into ruins, but recently restored and plays music again.
Louis XIV created the idea of ​​a modern music fountain by staging spectacles in the Versailles Garden, using music and fireworks to accompany the flow of the fountain.
Major international expositions held in Philadelphia, London and Paris show ancestors of modern music fountains. They introduced the first fountain illuminated by gas lamps (Philadelphia in 1876); and the first fountain was illuminated by electric lights (London in 1884 and Paris in 1889). The Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris features fountains illuminated by colored lights controlled by keyboards. The Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931 presented the ThÃÆ' Â © ÃÆ' Â ¢ Â ¢ tre d'eau, or water theater, located on the lake, with a dancing water show. The Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) has incorporated curves and water columns from the Seine fountain with light, and with music from loudspeakers on eleven rafts anchored in the river, playing the music of the time-honored composers. (See International Fountain Exhibition, above.)
Today some of the most famous fountains of music in the world are at the Bellagio Hotel & amp; Casino in Las Vegas, (2009); Dubai Fountain in the United Arab Emirates; World of Color at Disney California Adventure Park (2010) and Aquanura at Efteling in The Netherlands (2012).
Splash fountain
Splashing fountains or bath fountains are meant for people to enter and cool themselves on hot summer days. This fountain is also referred to as an interactive fountain. This fountain is designed to allow easy access, and displays non-sterile surfaces, and has no puddles, to eliminate the possibility of drowning hazards, so there is no need for a coast guard or supervisor. These splash pads are often located in public swimming pools, public parks, or public playgrounds (known as "sprays"). In some spark fountains, such as Dundas Square in Toronto, Canada, water is heated by solar energy captured by a special dark-colored granite slab. The fountain in Dundas Square displays 600 ground nozzles arranged in groups of 30 (3 rows of 10 nozzles). Each group of 30 nozzles is located beneath a stainless steel grille. Twenty such gratings are arranged in two rows of 10, in the middle of the main road through Dundas Square.
Drinking fountain
Fountains or drinking fountains are designed to provide drinking water and have arrangement of basins with continuous running water or taps. The drinkers bend into the water stream and swallow water directly from the river. Modern indoor fountains can combine filters to remove dirt from water and coolers to reduce temperature. In some regional dialects, the fountain is called bubbler . Fountains are commonly found in public places, such as schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require a fountain to be accessible to the wheelchair (by sticking out of the wall horizontally), and to enter additional units with lower altitudes for children and short adults. This frequently replaceable design has one spout on top of the cooling unit.
In 1859, The Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and the Cattle Trough Association were established to promote the provision of drinking water to people and animals in the UK and abroad. More recently, in 2010, the FindaFountain campaign was launched in the UK to encourage people to use drinking fountains rather than bottled water that is damaging the environment. A map showing the location of an English drinking water fountain is published on the FindaFountain website.
How the fountain works
From Roman times to the end of the 19th century, the fountains were operated by gravity, requiring a higher water source from the fountain itself to create a stream of water. The bigger the difference between the elevation of the water source and the fountain, the higher the water will rise from the fountain.
In Roman cities, water for fountains came from lakes and rivers and springs in the hills, brought to the city in aqueducts and then distributed to the fountain through the tin pipeline system.
From the Middle Ages onwards, fountains in villages or towns connected to springs, or to channels carrying water from lakes or rivers. In Provence, the typical village fountain consists of pipes or underground channels from springs at higher altitudes than fountains. Water from the spring flows into the fountain, then climbs the tube into a bulb-shaped stone vessel, like a large vase with a cover on it. The inside of the vase, called the bassin de rà © partition, is filled with water up to the level just above the canon mouth, or spouts, which are sloping downward. Water flows down through the canons, creating siphon, so the fountain keeps flowing.
In cities and towns, residents fill vessels or jars of water jets from canons of fountains or pay water porters to bring water to their homes. Horses and pets can drink water in the basin under the fountain. Unused water is often flowed into a series of separate basins, lavoir, used for washing and rinsing. After being used for washing, the same water then flows through the channel into the city kitchen garden. In Provence, because clothes are washed with ash, water that flows into the garden contains potassium, and is valuable as a fertilizer.
The most famous fountain of the Renaissance, at Villa d'Este in Tivoli, is situated on a steep slope near the river; builders run channels from the river to a large fountain above the garden, which then feeds the fountains and other basins on the level below. The Roman fountain, built from the Renaissance to the 18th century, takes their water from rebuilding Roman waterways that carry water from lakes and rivers at higher altitudes than fountains. Fountains with high water sources, such as the Triton Fountain, can fire water as high as 16 feet (4.9 m) in the air. Fountains with lower sources, such as the Trevi Fountain, can only pour water down. The Trevi Fountain architect puts it below the road surface to make the water flow look more dramatic.
The Versailles fountain relies on water from a reservoir just above the fountain. When King Louis XIV built more fountains, he was forced to build an enormous pump compound, called the Machine de Marly, with fourteen water wheels and 220 pumps, to raise water 162 feet above the Seine River into a reservoir to keep water fountains flowing.. Even with the Machine de Marly, the fountains use so much water that they can not all be turned on at the same time. Fontainiers watched the King's progress as he visited the garden and lit a fountain just before he arrived.
The fountain architects at Versailles designed a special-shaped nozzle, or tuyaux, to form water into various shapes, such as fans, bouquest, and umbrellas.
In Germany, some courts and palace gardens are situated on flat areas, so the fountain is dependent on pumped pressurized water developed at a fairly early point in history. The Great Fountain at Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover is based on the idea of ​​Gottfried Leibniz conceived in 1694 and inaugurated in 1719 during the visit of George I. After some refinement, it reached a height of about 35 m in 1721 which made it the highest fountain. in European courts. The fountain at the Nymphenburg Palace was originally fed by water pumped into the water tower, but since 1803 it was operated by a water-powered Nymphenburg Pumping Station still working.
Beginning in the 19th century, the fountain ceased to be used for drinking water and became purely ornamental. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city began using steam pumps and then electric pumps to send water to city fountains. Then in the 20th century, urban fountains began to recycle their water through a closed recirculation system. The electric pump, which is often placed under water, pushes water through the pipe. Water should be regularly refilled to compensate for water lost due to evaporation, and benefits should be made to handle the overflow after heavy rains.
In a modern water fountain water filter, usually a media filter, removes particles from water - this filter requires its own pump to force water through it and drain the water to move water from the pool to the filter and then back to the pond. Water may require chlorination or anti-algae treatment, or may use biological methods to filter and clean water.
Pumps, filters, electrical switch boxes and plumbing controls are often placed in "factory rooms". Low-voltage lighting, usually 12 volts direct current, is used to minimize electrical hazards. Lighting is often submerged and should be designed accordingly. High wattage (incandescent and halogen) either as submerged lighting or accent lighting at the waterwall fountain has been involved in any documented Legionnaires disease outbreak associated with the fountain. These are detailed in "Guidelines for Legionella Control in Decorative Features". The floating fountain is also popular for ponds and lakes; they consist of a water pump nozzle and a water chamber.
Highest fountain in the World
- King Fahd's Fountain (1985) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The water jet fountain is 260 meters (853 feet) above the Red Sea and is currently the highest fountain constantly in the world.
- The World Cup Fountain at the Han-gang River in Seoul, Korea (2002), advertises a height of 202 meters (663 feet).
- Gateway Geyser (1995), next to the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri, fired 192 meters (630 feet) in the air. This is the highest fountain in the United States.
- Port Fountain (2006) in Karachi, Pakistan, rising to a height of 190 meters (620 feet) makes it the fourth highest fountain.
- Fountain Park, Fountain Hills, Arizona (1970). It can reach 171 meters (561 feet) when all three pumps operate, but usually run at 91 meters (300 feet).
- The Dubai Fountain, opened in 2009 next to Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world. The fountain performs every half hour to record music, and shoots water up to a height of 73 meters (240 feet). The fountain also has an extreme shooter, not used in every show, which can reach 150 meters (490 ft).
- Captain James Cook Memorial Jet in Canberra (1970), 147 meters (482 feet)
- Jet d'eau, in Geneva (1951), 140 meters (460 feet)
Famous gallery around the world
See also
- Hope so well, to practice dropping coins into the fountain
Bibliography
- Helen Attlee, Italian Garden - Cultural History . Frances Lincoln Limited, London, 2006. Paris et ses Fontaines, del la Renaissance nos jours, edited by BÃÆ' Â © atrice de Andia, Dominique Massounie, Pauline Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, from the Paris et son Patrimoine Collection, Paris, 1995.
- Les Aqueducs de la ville de Roma, translation and comment by Pierre Grimal, SociÃÆ' Â © d'ÃÆ' Â © dition Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1944.
- Louis Plantier, Fontaines de Provence et de la CÃÆ'Â'te d'Azur , ÃÆ' â € ° disud, Aix-en-Provence, 2007
- Frà © à © dÃÆ'  © rick Cope and Tazartes Maurizia, Les Fontaines de Rome , ÃÆ' â € ° ditions Citadelles et Mazenod, 2004
- AndrÃÆ' Â © Jean Tardy, Fontaines toulonnaises , Les ÃÆ' â € ° tions de la Nerthe, 2001. ISBNÃ, 2-913483-24-0
- Hortense Lyon, La Fontaine Stravinsky, Collection of BaccalaurÃÆ'Â © in the arts plastiques 2004, National Center de docs pÃÆ' Â © dagogique
- Marilyn Symmes (editor), Fountain-Splash and Spectacle- Water and Design from the Renaissance to the Present. Thames and Hudson, in collaboration with the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum from the Smithsonian Institution. (1998).
- Yves Porter and Arthur ThÃÆ' Â © venart, Palais et Jardins de Perse , Flammarion, Paris (2002). (ISBN: 978-2-08-010838-8).
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia