The High Line is also a 1.45 mile long (2.33 km) elevated park, greenway and rail trail. It was made on the former New York Central Railroad spur on the western side of Manhattan in New York City. Led by the landscape architectural firm James Corner Field Operations, the abandoned drives have been redesigned as "life systems" drawn from a variety of disciplines covering landscape architecture, urban design, and ecology. Since it opened in 2009, High Line has become an icon of contemporary landscape architecture.
The park is built in the unused southern part of the New York Central Railroad railway line known as the West Side Line. Derived from Lower West Side of Manhattan, the park runs from Gansevoort Street - three blocks below 14th Street, in the Meatpacking District - via Chelsea to the north end of the West Side Yard at 34th Street near Javits Center. The West Side line previously extends south to the train terminal on Spring Street, just north of Canal Street. Most of the southern part was destroyed in 1960, and a few others were destroyed in 1991. The High Line was inspired by a 3 km-long (4.8 km) Promenade plantÃÆ' Â © e (tree line), a similar project in Paris completed in 1993.
Due to declining usage, the railway bridge was effectively abandoned in 1980. The return of the railway to the city park began in 2006, with the opening of the first phase in 2009 and the second opening phase in 2011. The third and final phase opened to the public on 21 September 2014. A short stub above Tenth Avenue and 30th Street will open in 2018, when the first phase of the Hudson Yay Climbing Project is completed.
The success of the High Line has inspired cities across the United States to rebuild outdated infrastructure as a public space. The project has spurred the development of real estate in adjacent environments, increasing the value of real estate and prices along the route in the halo effect example. In September 2014, the park has nearly five million visitors annually.
Video High Line
Description
This park extends from Gansevoort Street to 34th Street. At 30th Street, the elevated path turns west around the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project to the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center on 34th Street, though the northern part is expected to be integrated with the construction of Hudson Yards and Hudson Park and Boulevard. When the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project's Western Rail Yard finishes in 2018, it will rise above High Line Park, so the exit along the bridge over the West Side Yard will lead to the Western Rail Yard. Entrance 34th Street in class, with wheelchair access.
The park is open daily from 7 am to 7 pm in the winter, until 10 pm in the spring and fall, and until 11 pm in the summer (except for Interim Walkway west of 11th Avenue, open until dusk). This can be achieved through eleven entrances, five of which are accessible to persons with disabilities. The wheelchair-accessible entrances, each with stairs and lifts, are at Gansevoort, 14, 16, 23, and 30th Streets. The only additional entrance ladders are located on 18th, 20th, 26th, and 28th Streets, and 11th Avenue. Street-level access is available at 34th Street via Interim Walkway, from 30th Street and 11th Avenue to 34th Street.
Route
At the end of Gansevoort Street (which runs north-south), the stub at Gansevoort Street is named Tiffany and Co. Foundation Overlook and dedicated in July 2012; the foundation is a major supporter of the park. The route then passes under The Standard, the High Line hotel and through the passageway on 14th Street. At 14th Street, the High Line is divided into two sides at different heights; The Air Diller-Von Furstenberg feature (opened in 2010) is on the lower side, and the sundeck is at the top.
The route passes under Chelsea Market, the food hall, on 15th Street. The drive, connecting the bridge to the building of the National Biscuit Company and closed to the public, was split on 16th Street. The Tenth Avenue Square, an amphitheater in the viaduct, is on 17th Street where the High Line crosses over Tenth Avenue from southeast to northwest. At 23rd Street Lawn, visitors can rest. Between 25th and 26th Streets, a climb takes visitors to the viaduct, with a beautiful view facing east on 26th Street. The Philip Falcone and Lisa Maria Falcone Flyover, named after two main donors to the park, are based on plans for a Phase 1 flyover that was never built.
The park then curves west to Phase 3 and converges to Tenth Avenue Spur, which extends over 30 Street to Tenth Avenue and will open in 2018. Phase 3 has another road that brings visitors over the bridge on 11th Avenue and a play area with relationships railroads and Pershing Beams (silicon-modified and stanchion-lined blocks), meeting rooms with benches, and a set of three railroads where one can walk between rails. The play area also has bench like a seesaw and "chime stool", with a key that makes sound when tapped. The Interim Walkway, from 11th Avenue and 30th Street to 34th Street divides the viaduct into two sides: gravel roads and undeveloped parts with railroad tracks. The temporary road will be closed for renovation when Tenth Avenue Spur is completed. The High Line veers northward to the point east of Twelfth Avenue. At 34th Street it curved east and down, ending at the middle of the road between 12 and 11 Avenue.
Attractions
The park's attractions include natural planting, inspired by plants grown on unused tracks, and views of the city and the Hudson River. The pebble-dash concrete pavement swelled and narrowed, swinging from side to side, and split into concrete tines that melted hardscape with embedded plantings in mulch gravel trains. "By opening the paving, we allow plants to penetrate," says landscape architect James Corner, "almost as if the plant was colonizing the paved areas.There was some sort of mixing or bleeding or sewing between hard pavements, surfaces for people walking, and planting... Ã, "Stretching lines and ties considering previous use of the High Line, and parts of the track reused for rotating spaces positioned for river views. The 120-species plant palette, curated by Dutch landscape architect Piet Oudolf, includes a vigorous pasture plant (such as grasses that form clumps, clay, and coneflowers) and scattered sumac and smokebush and is not limited to native plants. At the end of Gansevoort Street, a group of birch mixed species provides shade by late afternoon. Ipba wood for benches is built from managed forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council to ensure the sustainability and conservation of biodiversity, water resources and fragile ecosystems. According to James Field Field Operations, High Line design "is characterized by intimate movement choreography."
The High Line also has cultural attractions as part of a long-term plan for the park to host temporary installations and performances. Creative Time, the Friends of the High Line, and the Department of Parks and Recreation of New York City commissioned Spencer Finch's Spencer Finch Splitting River as its first art installations. This work is integrated into the shadow windows of the former Nabisco loading dock as a series of 700 purple and gray glass panels. Each color is calibrated to match the central pixels of 700 digital images (one taken every minute) from the Hudson River, which forms the vast portrait of the river. Creative Time worked with Finch to realize the site's special concept after he saw the rusted and worn-out mullion of the old factory, with metal and glass Jarx Design specialists helping to prepare and reinstall.
The sound installation in the summer of 2010 by Stephen Vitiello is made from bells that are heard throughout New York. Lauren Ross, former director of the alternative art space of White Columns, was the first curator of the High Line. During the construction of the second stage (between 20 and 30 Roads) several works of art were installed, including Sarah Sze's Still Life with Landscape : a steel and wooden sculpture near 20 and 21st Streets built as a house for fauna such as birds and butterflies. Kim Beck's Space Available is mounted on the roof of three buildings visible from the southern end. The sculptures measuring 20 times 12 feet (6.1 x 3.7 m), resembling empty billboards haunted and built like a theater background, look three dimensional from a distance. Also installed during the second phase of construction is Julianne Swartz Digital Empathy , a work utilizing audio messages in toilets, elevators, and fountains.
Maps High Line
History
Railway line
In 1847, New York City authorized the construction of the Tenth and Eleventh Street railroads on the West side of Manhattan. The street level tracks are used by the New York Central Railroad train, which sends commodities such as coal, dairy products and beef. For railway safety hire "West Side cowboys", people riding horses and waving flags in front of the train. However, so many accidents occurred between freight trains and other traffic dubbed "Death Avenue" to Tenth and Eleventh Avenues. In 1910, one organization estimated that there were 548 deaths and 1,574 injuries over the years along Eleventh Avenue.
The public debate on danger began in the early 1900s. In 1929 the city, state, and New York Central agreed on the West Side Improvement Project (conceived by Robert Moses), which also included the construction of the West Side Road. This 13-mile (21 km) project set aside 105 road crosswalks and added 32 hectares (13 hectares) to Riverside Park. It costs more than US $ 150,000,000 (about US $ 2,137,791,000 today). The last stretch of the street lane was removed from Eleventh Avenue in 1941.
The first train on the High Line viaduct, part of the West Side West Side Line, ran along the structure in 1933. The elevated structure was dedicated on June 29, 1934 and was the first part of the West Side Improvement Project to be completed. Highway, originally from 34th Street to St John's Park Terminal on Spring Street, is designed to pass through the center of the block and not through the street; as a result, viaduct construction requires the dismantling of 640 buildings. It connects directly to the factory and warehouse, enabling the train to load and unload inside the building. Milk, meat, crops, and raw goods and finished goods can be transported and disassembled without disturbing road traffic. This reduced the burden on the Bell Laboratories Building (which has housed the Westbeth Artists Community since 1970) and the Nabisco factory in the Chelsea Market, which is served from protected siding in buildings.
The line also passes under the Western Electric complex on Washington Street. Although this section still exists in May 2008, it is not connected with the developed park.
Abandonment
The growth of interstate trucks during the 1950s led to a decrease in rail traffic across the US Around 1960, the southernmost part of the line was destroyed, both because of its low usage and so West Village Apartments could be built in the previous segment of good roads. This section begins on Gansevoort Street and runs to Washington Street to Spring Street (north of Canal Street).
In 1978, High Line viaduct was used to deliver two payloads per week. In 1980, due to the construction of the Javits Convention Center on 34th Street, the owner of High Line, Conrail, had to break the bridge from the rest of the national rail system for a year. The last train on the viaduct consisted of three cars carrying frozen turkey. In the interim, two large customers moved to New Jersey. Tracks leading to the High Line were reconnected in 1981, but since there were no more customers along the route, viaduk did not see any further usage. At this point, Conrail still has the right path and rails.
During the mid-1980s, a group of property owners with land below the line lobbied for dismantling the entire structure. Peter Obletz, a resident of Chelsea, an activist, and a train enthusiast, challenged the demolition effort in court and tried to rebuild the rail service on the line. Obletz offered to buy viaduct for $ 10 to run a small number of freight trains on track, and Conrail accepted, mainly because the demolition would cost $ 5 million. However, this offer is also disputed in court. In 1988, the Metropolitan Transport Authority was negotiating with Conrail for the possibility of using the right path to build light rail routes.
The northern end of the High Line was cut off from the national rail system at the end of the decade because it was thought the line would be destroyed. Due to the construction of the Empire Connection to Penn Station (which opened in spring 1991), the track was streamed to the new Empire Connection tunnel to Penn Station. The small section of the High Line in the West Village, from Bank Street to Gansevoort, was taken apart in 1991 despite objections by preservationists.
The line was unused and damaged during the 1990s, but the steel structures supported by the steel were structurally healthy. Around this time, city explorers and locals know for hard and drought-resistant weeds, bushes (like sumacs) and rough trees popping up on gravel along the abandoned railroad tracks. The line is scheduled for demolition under the administration of mayor Rudy Giuliani.
Repurposition Proposal
The nonprofit organization Friends of the High Line was formed in 1999 by Joshua David and Robert Hammond, residents of the neighborhood where the line was run. They advocate conservation and reuse as public open spaces, high parks or green paths similar to the Promenade PlantÃÆ' Â © e in Paris. The organization was originally a small community group advocating the preservation and transformation of the High Line when the structure was threatened with demolition during Rudy Giuliani's second term as mayor.
CSX Transportation, which owns the line, has given permission to photographer Joel Sternfeld to photograph him for a year. Sternfeld's photographs of its grassland-like nature, discussed in an episode of the Great Museums documentary series, were used in public meetings when subjects saving the High Line were discussed. Fashion designer Diane von FÃÆ'¼rstenberg (who moved her headquarters in New York City to the Meatpacking District in 1997) and her husband, Barry Diller, organized a fund-raising event at her studio. Community support for rebuilding High Streets for growing pedestrian use, and in 2004 the New York City government committed $ 50 million to build the proposed park. Mayor Michael Bloomberg and City Council speaker Gifford Miller and Christine C. Quinn are important supporters. Supporters of High Line Park garnered a total of more than $ 150 million (equivalent to $ 171,103,000 in 2017).
Reconstruction and design
The Federal Surface Transportation Board issued a certificate of interim trail usage on June 13, 2005, allowing the city to remove most of the lanes of the national rail system. On April 10, 2006, Mayor Bloomberg led the ceremony to mark the beginning of construction. The park was designed by New York-based landscape architecture firm New York, Field Operations and architect Diller Scofidio Renfro, with a garden design by Piet Oudolf of the Netherlands, lighting design from L'Observatoire International, and engineering design by Buro Happold and Robert Silman Associates. New York City Town Planning Director and city planning committee chairman Amanda Burden contributed to the development of the project.
Major supporters include Philip Falcone, Diane von FÃÆ'¼rstenberg, Barry Diller and children von FÃÆ'¼rstenberg, Alexander and Tatiana. Hotel developer Andre Balazs, owner of Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles, built 337 Standard Hotel rooms located on High Line on West 13th Street.
The southernmost section, from Gansevoort Street to 20th Street, opened as a city park on June 8, 2009. This section includes five stairs and lifts on 14th Street and 16th Street. Around the same time, the construction of the second part begins. The ribbon-cutting ceremony was held on June 7, 2011 to open the second part (from 20th Street to 30th Street), with Mayor Michael Bloomberg, New York City Councilor Christine Quinn, Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer and Congressman Jerrold Nadler present. CSX Transportation, the northernmost owner of 30th to 34th Streets, agreed in principle to donate parts to the city in 2011; The Associated Company, which has development rights for West Side Rail Yards, agrees not to destroy the 10th Avenue crossing runway. Construction at the end begins in September 2012.
The ribbon cutting ceremony for the High Line was held on September 20, 2014, followed the next day with the opening of the third part and the procession below the line. The third phase, for $ 76 million, is divided into two parts. The first section (for $ 75 million) is from the end of phase 2 of the line to its terminal at 34th Street, west of 11th Avenue. The second part, spur, has space to install artwork curated by public art programs. It will be integrated with 10 Hudson Yards (which have been built on the runway), and will cover the base when opened in 2018.
Friends of the High Line
The line is managed by Friends of the High Line, founded by residents of Joshua David and Robert Hammond regions in 1999. The organization is credited with saving the structure by garnering public support for the park and convincing Mayor Michael Bloomberg's government in 2002 to support the project by filing request with the Surface Transport Council to make a public imprint on the site. Friends of the High Line played a role in the visual aesthetics of the line, held a competition in conjunction with the city of New York in 2004 to determine which design team would lead the project. Since the opening of the park in 2009, Friends of the High Line has an agreement with the New York City Garden Department & Recreation to serve as the main caretaker. The organization is responsible for the daily operation and maintenance of the park, with an annual budget of more than $ 5 million. It has an annual operating budget of $ 11.5 million, in addition to capital construction and management and fundraising costs.
Friends of the High Line has raised over $ 150 million in public and private funds for the construction of the first two parts of the park. Unlike the first two phases, where the city significantly contributes, the Friends of the High Line is responsible for raising funds for the third tranche (about $ 35 million). The organization raises more than 90 percent of the annual High Line operating budget from personal donations. The 2012 contribution of $ 5 million from the city was controversial as the High Line received more funding that year than most city parks, although Friends of the High Line raised an additional $ 85 million that year.
The organization has offices on Washington Street, near the southern end of the park. It has 80 full-time employees, all year round and about 150 full-time summer employees. Friends of the High Line has been run by president and co-founder Josh David after executive director Jenny Gersten resigned in 2014. Co-founder Robert Hammond served as executive director until he resigned in February 2013. Friends of the High Line has 38 a board member consisting of many New York City businessmen and philanthropists, including Amanda Burden from Bloomberg Associates, Jane Lauder from Està © e Lauder Companies, Jon Stryker of the Arcus Foundation and Darren Walker of the Ford Foundation.
Impact
The recycling of railroads into city parks has revitalized Chelsea, which is "sandy" and in generally poor condition during the late 20th century. It also encourages real estate development in the environment along the lines. According to Mayor Bloomberg, the High Line project has helped usher in a renaissance of sorts in the neighborhood; in 2009 more than 30 projects are planned or being built nearby, and by 2016 more than 11 projects are under construction. It also helps increase the value of properties directly adjacent to the High Line with an average of 10 percent of the property within a few blocks. At least 20 properties bordering High Line have sold at least $ 10 million since the opening of the park in 2009, with an apartment in a building adjacent directly to the park that sold an average of $ 6 million. Apartments located near Phase 1 High Line, on average, are more than twice as expensive as those between Seventh and Eighth Avenues (two eastern blocks). In August 2016, the park continues to enhance the surrounding real estate values ​​in the halo effect example.
Residents who have purchased apartments next to Highway have adapted to their presence in various ways, but most of the responses are positive; However, some say that the park has become a "catwalk clogged by tourists" since it opened. The real estate boom has not been a victim; many businesses established in western Chelsea have been shut down due to loss of their environmental customer base or lease hikes. Most visitors to Highway are white tourists; Chelsea has a significant minority community, many of whom live in two major public housing developments. In a 2017 interview, Friends of High Line High Line founder Robert Hammond said that he "failed" in society; Highway does not meet the original purpose of serving the surrounding environment, which has become a demographic divided around the park.
Crime has been low in the park. Shortly after the second part opened in 2011, The New York Times reported that there have been no major crime reports (such as assault or robbery) since the first phase opened two years earlier. Enforcement of the Patrol Park has written a summons for breaches of park rules such as walking dogs or riding bicycles on the road at a lower rate than in Central Park. Park proponents attribute this to High Line visibility of the surrounding buildings, a feature of urban life held by writer Jane Jacobs nearly fifty years earlier. According to Joshua David, "The empty park is dangerous... The parks are much less busy, you're almost never alone on the High Line." In a review of the Highliner restaurant - which has now returned to its previous name, Empire Diner - Ariel Levy writes in The New Yorker that... "The new Chelsea appearing on the weekend as visitors flooded the high park. tourist, too expensive, and sparkling. "
Due to the popularity of the High Line, there were several proposals for the museum along its path. The He Art Foundation considers (but rejects) a proposal to build a museum at Gansevoort Street terminal. At the site, the Whitney Museum has built a new home for a collection of American art. The building designed by Renzo Piano, opened on May 1, 2015.
Other cities
The success of the High Line in New York City has prompted leaders in other cities such as Chicago mayor, Rahm Emanuel, who saw it as a "symbol and catalyst" for a friendly environment. Several cities across the country have plans to renovate the railway infrastructure into the park, including Philadelphia's Rail Park, Atlanta's Belt Line, and Chicago's Bloomingdale Trail. Highway has helped pioneer the creation of elevated parks around the world. In Queens, Queensway (proposed air rail line) is being considered for reactivation along the right path of the former Long Island Rail Road Rockaway Beach Road. Other cities around the world are planning rail-to-park gardens as high as what a writer calls "High Line effects."
According to some estimates, it costs much less to rebuild an abandoned urban rail line into a linear garden than to destroy it. The landscape architect James Corner (who leads the High Line design team) notes that "The High Line is not easily imitated in other cities," but observes that building a "cool park" requires the surrounding "environmental" framework to succeed.
In 2016, Friends of the High Line launched High Line Network to support similar infrastructure reuse projects being developed in other cities. There are currently 19 projects in the network, including River LA, Atlanta Beltline, Crissy Field, Dequindre Cut, Lowline, Klyde Warren Park, Bentway and Trinity River Project.
In popular culture
The line has been described in various media before and after redevelopment. The 1979 film Manhattan included High Line images as director and star Woody Allen speaking the first line: "Round One.He admired New York City." Director Zbigniew Rybczy? Ski recorded a music video for the single Art of Noise, "Close (to the Edit)" on the phone in 1984.
In 2001 (two years after the formation of Friends of the High Line), photographer Joel Sternfeld documented the flora and dilapidated High Line in his book Walking the High Line. The book also contains essays by writer Adam Gopnik and historian John R. Stilgoe. Sternfeld's work was regularly discussed and exhibited during the 2000s when the rehabilitation project was developed. Alan Weisman's 2007 book, The World Without Us , cites the High Line as an example of the reappearance of the wild in abandoned areas. That year, the chase scene from the zombie apocalypse movie I Am Legend was filmed there and in the Meatpacking District. Kinetics & amp; The song One Love 2009, "The High Line", uses a line (before conversion to the park) as an example of natural reclamation of man-made structures.
A number of movies and television programs have taken advantage of the High Line since the park opened. In 2011, the television series Louie used it as a setting for one of the character's title dates. Other works with scenes on the High Line since the conversion included the HBO series Girls , episodes Simpsons "Moonshine River" and the movie, What Maisie Knew
Gallery
See also
References
Note
Bibliografi
- "T & J; A: Teman dari wawancara High Line". CNN.com . 19 Maret 2007.
- David, Joshua; Hammond, Robert (2011). High Line: The Inside Story dari New York City Park in the Sky . New York: Farrar, Straus, dan Giroux. ISBN 0-374-53299-0.
- Davidson, Justin (7 Juni 2009). "Tinggi". New York .
- Maher, Michael (7 Oktober 2011). "Jutaan berjalan di taman New York di langit '". BBC News (Video). Â
- Sternbergh, Adam (29 April 2007). "The High Line: Ini Membawa Hal-Hal Baik untuk Hidup". New York .
- Zambelli, Matteo; Alves, Henrique Pessoa (2012). La High Line di New York . Milano: Mimesis. ISBN: 978-88-575-0705-7.
Further reading
- James Corner Field Operations, Diller Scofido and Renfro, Highway - Unexpected Unexpected , Phaidon, 2015. ISBN 978-0-7148-7100-4.
External links
- Official website
- Official map
- High Line Photos by Jonathan Flaum
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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