The interactive whiteboard ( IWB ) is a large interactive display in the form of a whiteboard factor. It can be a standalone touchscreen computer that is used separately to perform tasks and operations, or a connected device used as a touchpad to control the computer from the projector. They are used in a variety of settings, including classrooms at all levels of education, in company boardrooms and work groups, in training rooms for professional sport coaching, in broadcast studios, and others.
The first interactive whiteboard is designed and manufactured for office use. They were developed by PARC around 1990. These boards are used in small group meetings and round tables.
The interactive whiteboard industry is expected to reach US $ 1 billion worldwide sales in 2008; one of every seven classrooms in the world is expected to feature an interactive whiteboard in 2011 according to market research by Futuresource Consulting. In 2004, 26% of Britain's main classrooms had an interactive whiteboard. The Becta Harnessing Technology Schools Survey 2007 shows that 98% of high schools and 100% of primary schools have IWBs. In 2008 the average number of interactive whiteboards increased in both primary schools (18 compared to just over six in 2005, and eight in the 2007 survey) and secondary schools (38, compared to 18 in 2005 and 22 in 2007 ).
Video Interactive whiteboard
General operation and usage
The interactive whiteboard device (IWB) can be a stand-alone computer or a large touchpad that works for the computer to use.
The device driver is usually installed on a connected computer so that the interactive whiteboard can act as a Human Input Device (HID), such as a mouse. The computer video output is connected to a digital projector so images can be projected on the surface of the interactive whiteboard.
The user then calibrates the whiteboard image by matching the position of the projected image in reference to the whiteboard using the necessary pointer. After this, bookmarks or other devices can be used to activate programs, buttons and menus from the board itself, as is usually done with the mouse. If text input is required, the user can call the on-screen keyboard or, if the whiteboard software provides for this, utilizing handwriting recognition. This makes it unnecessary to go to the computer keyboard to enter text.
So, IWB emulates the mouse and keyboard. Users can make presentations or classes almost exclusively from the whiteboard.
In addition, most IWBs are supplied with software that provides tools and features specifically designed to maximize the opportunities of interaction. These generally include the ability to create virtual versions of flipchart papers, pens and highlighting options, and perhaps even virtual rulers, protractors, and compasses - instruments that will be used in traditional classroom teaching.
Usage for an interactive whiteboard may include:
- Runs software that is loaded onto a connected PC, such as a web browser or other software used in the class.
- Capture and save notes written on the board to the connected PC
- Retrieve notes written on graphical tablets linked to the whiteboard
- Control your PC from the whiteboard using clicks and drag, markup that notes the program or presentation
- Use OCR software to translate cursive writing on graphical tablets into text
- Use the Audience Response System so the presenter can poll the audience in the classroom or do quizzes, capture feedback to the whiteboard
Maps Interactive whiteboard
Common operations type
The majority of IWBs sold globally involve one of four forms of interaction between the user and the content projected on the board. It is an infrared scanning technology, resistive touch pad, electromagnetic pen and related software, and ultrasonic pen.
Operate the infrared (IR touch) signboard
The infrared interactive whiteboard is a large interactive screen that connects to computers and projectors. Boards are usually fitted to a wall or standing floor. The movement of a user's finger, pen, or other pointer over the image projected on the board is captured by its interference with infrared light on the whiteboard surface. When the whiteboard surface is pressed, the software performs triangulation of the marker or stylus location. Infra red IWBs can be made from any material, there are no dry-removing markers involved, and can be found in many settings, including different levels of classroom education, corporate boardroom, training room or activities for the organization, professional sports coaching facilities, and studio broadcasting.
Operate a resistive touch-based whiteboard
IWB-based touch also involves a simple pointing device. In this case, the board material is important. In the most common resistive system, the membrane extends above the deformation surface under pressure to make contact with a conductive backplate. The location of the touchpoint can then be electronically determined and registered as a mouse event. For example, when a finger is pressed on the surface, it is listed as the equivalent of a left mouse click. Again, such boards do not require special instruments. This leads to the claims of producers of resistive systems such as whiteboards are easy and natural to use. However, it depends on the development of the council itself.
Operate an interactive whiteboard based on electromagnetic pen
An interactive whiteboard-based electromagnetic pen involves an array of embedded cables behind a solid board surface that interacts with the coil at the end of the stylus to determine the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the stylus. The pen itself is usually passive, that is, it does not contain batteries or other power sources; it converts the electrical signal generated by the board. For example, when close to the board surface, mouse pointer can be felt, giving the ability of "mouse-over" board. When pressed towards the board in one way, the board activates the switch on the pen to signal a mouse click to the computer; pressed in another way, contact with the board signifies the right mouse button click. Like higher versions of graphics tablets used by professional artists and digital designers, electromagnetic IWBs can mimic mouse movements accurately, will not break if users lean on the board, and potentially handle multiple entries.
Operate an ultrasonic-based interactive whiteboard, interactive IR
This technology uses infrared light and ultrasound positioning technology. This technology works in a similar way to lightning in a storm by calculating the time difference between the speed of light and the speed of sound. IWB infrared is also available in portable format. After moving the set-up to a new location, the system gets a connection to the computer with a simple re-calibration of the projected image - again using an electronic pen. The tool or bar scans the parenthesis area (usually 3m by 1.5m, gives a whiteboard 110l ".) Typically, some parentheses can be added, providing users on different sites to share the same virtual whiteboard.
Portable IR-based portable pen boards work on a variety of surfaces - an existing whiteboard, flat walls, even whiteboard with paints that can wipe dry, turning the surface into an interactive whiteboard. No battery is required for USB signal receivers and the unit can be mounted to the ceiling if a permanent solution is required. Made from small and lightweight materials, PIWB is easily transportable.
Operate an interactive whiteboard based on Wiimote/IR
The Wii IR-based system was created by Johnny Chung Lee, PhD. in 2007. Lee claims that the system "[m] makes the technology available to a much wider population percentage" (Speaking at TED, April 2008) using a regular Wii remote control as a pointer and IR cameras on the front. remote controller as a tracking device that senses the light from the IR light pen. Lee produced several videos on YouTube about this system to demonstrate operability, flexibility, and ease of use, and showed a modest price - the cheapest part is the infrared LED pen. This is an approach with a superficial learning curve because the game system is familiar to many people. Large programming support communities may be available, both in open source and commercial offerings.) However, the system can not be used near direct sunlight, nor can it share software from the IWB type manufacturers already mentioned. Certain considerations about Bluetooth pen connection light are also valid. Two lines of vision are involved (controller and pen) in case of rear projection case. unlike many others.)
Operate virtual whiteboards via interactive projector
An IWB interactive projector involves a CMOS camera mounted inside the projector, so the projector produces an IWB image, but also detects the position of the active IR light pen when it contacts the surface where the image is projected. This solution, developed in 2007 and patented in 2010 by the US boxlight manufacturer, like other IR board systems, can experience potential problems caused by the 'line of sight' between the pen and the projector/receiver and, like them, mouse-over capabilities found in other solutions.
Classroom use
In some classrooms, interactive whiteboards have replaced traditional whiteboards or flipcharts, or video/media systems such as DVD players and TV combinations. Even where traditional boards are used, IWB often equip them by connecting to the digital video distribution system of school networks. In other cases, IWBs interact with online online annotations and image environments such as interactive vector-based graphical websites.
Short instructional blocks can be recorded for students to review - they will see the exact presentation that takes place in the classroom with teacher's audio input. This can help change learning and instruction.
Many companies and projects now focus on the creation of additional instructional materials designed specifically for interactive whiteboards. Electrolytes from Boston, MA, for example, will have the first complete curriculum for schools and districts.
One last use of IWB is in reading lessons together. Mimic's book, for example, allows teachers to project children's books to an interactive whiteboard with interactivity like a book.
Dixons City Academy in North England is the first non-college campus or learning environment to use an interactive whiteboard after school principal and principal Sir John Lewis showed interest in developing the technology. An interactive whiteboard can now be found in every classroom.
Integration with student response system
Some manufacturers also provide classroom response systems as an integrated part of their interactive whiteboard products. Handheld 'clickers' operating through Infrared or Radio signals, for example, offer the option of multiple-choice base and polls. More advanced testers offer text and numerical responses and can export student performance analyzes for subsequent review.
By combining classroom responses with interactive whiteboard systems, teachers can present materials and receive feedback from students to direct instructions more effectively or else to conduct formal assessments. For example, a student might solve a puzzle involving mathematical concepts on an interactive whiteboard and then demonstrate his knowledge on a test delivered through a classroom response system. Some classroom response software can organize and develop activities and tests that are aligned with State standards.
Research the impact of the interactive whiteboard on educational standards
There are now several studies that reveal contradictory conclusions about the effect of effective use of IWBs on student learning. Compilation of this research is available.
London Challenge Study
According to research findings conducted by the London Institute of Education with DfES funding evaluating the educational and operational effectiveness of the London Challenge element of adoption of the interactive whiteboard in the London area under a program called "School Whiteboard Expansion Project." On Key Stage 3, interactive here is associated with little significant impact on student performance in Mathematics and English and only a slight increase in Science. In the same school, at Key Stage 4, the use of an interactive whiteboard was found to have negative effects for Mathematics and Science, but a positive effect for English. The authors cite several possible causes for Key Stage 4 findings, including: Type II statistical errors, impairments in teaching methods leading to decreased student performance when IWBs are installed, or non-randomized IWB installation deployment decisions resulting in data bias.
DfES Primary School Whiteboard Development Project
At the same time, there is evidence of increased performance gains with the use of an interactive whiteboard. The BECTA (UK) commissioned a study of the impact of Interactive Whiteboards over a two-year period. This study shows very significant learning outcomes, especially with the cohorts of both students, where they benefit from the experience of teachers with the device.
Between 2003 and 2004, the DFSES Elementary School Whiteboard Development Project (PSWE) provides substantial funds for 21 local authorities for the acquisition and use of interactive whiteboards in UK primary schools. The study sponsored by BECTA investigated the impact of this investment with 20 local authorities, using data for 7272 participants in 97 schools.
The variables considered in the study include the length of exposure to interactive whiteboard technologies, student age (up to individual birthdays), gender, special needs, the right to free school meals and other socioeconomic groups. Project implementation and impact were evaluated by the team at Manchester Metropolitan University, led by Professor Bridget Somekh. It is by far the largest and longest study conducted on the impact of an interactive whiteboard.
Primary findings
The main finding of this large-scale study is that, "[w] teachers have used interactive whiteboards for long periods of time (in autumn 2006 for at least two years) their use becomes embedded in their pedagogy as mediating artifacts for their interactions with their students, and the interaction of students with each other. "The study authors argue that" mediation of interactivity "is the concept of sound, offering"... theoretical explanation for the way in which multi-level modeling analysis (MLM) taught by an interactive whiteboard for greater progress in national exam scores from year to year. "
Research shows that interactive whiteboard technology leads to consistent results across all key stages and subjects with increasingly significant impact on the second group, demonstrating that embedding technology into the classroom and the experience of teachers with technology is a key factor.
Profits are measured in 'lunar progress' against the standard measures of achievement over a two-year study period.
In baby class, age 5-7:
- In Main Stage 1 Mathematics, high achieving girls gain 4.75 months for two years, enabling them to catch up with the achieving boys.
- In Science Key Phase 1, there is better progress for girls of all levels of achievement and for the average and high achievement of boys.
- In Key Stage 1, English speaking, average, and high students all benefit from increased exposure on an interactive whiteboard
There is also clear evidence of a similar impact in the two key phases - ages 7 - 11
- In the Stage 2 Mathematical Keys, the average and high achievement of boys and girls who have been taught extensively with an Interactive Whiteboard make up the equivalent of an additional 2.5 to 5 months of progress over two years.
- In Key Stage 2 Science, all students, except high achieving girls, make greater progress with more exposure to IWB, with low-reaching children making as many as 7.5 additional months of progress
- In Key Stage 2 writing, boys with low achievements make 2.5 months of additional progress.
No adverse effects were observed at any level.
Additional research
Glover & amp; Miller conducted research on the pedagogical impact of an interactive whiteboard in high school. They found that although the interactive whiteboard is theoretically more than a computer if only used in addition to teaching its potential remains unrealized. The author's research is mainly to ensure the level and type of use in the classroom. To determine whether there is a change in pedagogy or ongoing teaching strategies, the researchers did a detailed questionnaire. The authors found that teachers used IWBs in one of three ways; as an aid to efficiency, as an extension device, and as a transformative device. They note that teachers' use of technology is less influenced by training, access, or availability of software. When used as a transformative device (about 10% of teachers take part in the study) the impact on pedagogy is transformative.
Recently, IWB technology producers have set up various online support communities for teachers and educational institutions that use interactive whiteboards in a learning environment. Such websites regularly donate research findings and manage free whiteboard lessons to promote the use of wide interactive whiteboards in the classroom.
Benefits
Some of the benefits of using an interactive whiteboard include:
- Group interactions. The interactive whiteboard promotes collaboration between students and group discussions and participation. They can be an effective tool for brainstorming due to the fact that notes can be taken on the board and stored for distribution and distribution to students later.
Criticism
According to the article of June 11, 2010 Washington Post :
- Many academics are questioning industry-backed research that links the increase in test scores with their products. And some further. They argue that the most ubiquitous-the-future device, an interactive whiteboard - is basically an interactive giant computer screen that grabs a blackboard in a classroom across America - locking teachers into a 19th century college style of instruction counter for more small collaborative -group models favored by many reformers.
The same article also cites Larry Cuban, emeritus professor of education at Stanford University:
- There is hardly any research that will show clearly that any interactive whiteboard will improve academic achievement.
An article posted at the National Association of Secondary School Principals details the pro & amp; counter interactive whiteboard. A report on the interactive whiteboard from the London Institute of Education says:
- Although technological novelty was initially welcomed by students, motivational motivation seems short-lived. Statistical analysis showed no impact on student performance in the first year in which the departments were fully equipped.
The report highlights the following issues:
- Sometimes teachers focus more on new technology than on what students should learn.
- Focus on interactivity as a technical process can cause some relatively ordinary activities to be overvalued. Such emphasis on interactivity is very common in classes with low ability students.
- In low-ability groups, it can slow the rate of classroom learning as individual students take turns on the board.
Reviews of academic and research literature
There are a number of library reviews, findings, and papers on using interactive whiteboards in the classroom:
- McCrummen, S. "Some educators question whether a whiteboard, other high-tech tools increases achievement."
- Beauchamp, G., & amp; Parkinson, J. (2005). Beyond the wow factor: develop interactivity with interactive whiteboards. School Science Review (86) 316: 97-103.
- DCSF & amp; Becta (2007). Evaluation of the DCSF Elementary School Whiteboard Project.
- Glover, D., & amp; Miller, D., Averis, D., & amp; Door, V. (2005) Interactive Whiteboards: literature survey. Technology, Pedagogy, and Education (14) 2: 155-170.
- Moss, G., Jewitt, C., Leva? i?, R., Armstrong, V., Cardini, A., & amp; Castle, F., Allen, B., Jenkins, A., & amp; Hancock, M. with High, S. (2007).
- Painters, D., whiting, E., & amp; Wolters, B. (2005). Use of Interactive Boards in promoting interactive teaching and learning.
- Smith, H.J., Higgins, S., Wall, K., & amp; Miller, J. (2005). Interactive Whiteboard: profit or bandwagon? Critical literature review, Computer Assisted Learning Journals, 21 (2), p. 91-101.11.
- Thomas, M. & amp; Cutrim Schmid, E. (Eds.) (2010). Interactive Chalkboard for Education: Theory, Research, and Practice (Hershey, PA: IGI Global).
- Thomas, M. (Ed.) (2010). Interactive Chalkboard in Australasia. Special Edition of the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology (AJET) (in the press).
- DostÃÆ'¡l, J. Reflections on Interactive Whiteboard Use in Instructions in the International Context. The New Educational Review. 2011. Vol. 25. No. 3. p.Ã, 205 - 220. ISSN 1732-6729.
Technology
Permanent markers and the use of regular dry eraser markers can cause problems on some interactive whiteboard surfaces, since the surface of the interactive whiteboard is most often melamine, ie painted porous surfaces that can absorb marker ink. Punctures, dents and other damage to the surface are also a risk.
Some educators have found that the use of an interactive whiteboard strengthens ancient teaching methods - speaking teachers, listening students. This teaching model goes against many modern instructional models, such as the instructional delivery model derived from Madeline Hunter.
Front and back projection
The interactive whiteboard is generally available in two forms: front projection and rear projection.
- The front projection blackboard has a video projector in front of the whiteboard. The disadvantage of a front-projection whiteboard is that the presenter, who stands in front of the screen, must extend his arm with or without the stylus to avoid casting the shadows. This is not a loss of the Ultra-Short-Throw (UST) projector, which transmits images from above and just in front of the IWB surface, removing the presenter from the beam path.
- The rear projection interactive whiteboard places the projector or display that radiates behind the surface of the whiteboard sensing so that no shadows occur. It also avoids problems with the front projection board that the presenter should look into the projector's light while speaking to an audience. However, the rear projection system is generally much more expensive than the front projection board, often very large, and can not be mounted flat on the wall, although wall mounting is possible.
Some manufacturers also provide the option to raise and lower the screen to accommodate users with different heights.
Short-throw projection system and interactive whiteboard
Some manufacturers offer short-throw projection systems in which projectors with special wide-angle lenses are mounted closer to the surface of the interactive whiteboard and project downward at an angle of about 45 degrees. This greatly reduces the shadow effect of the traditional front projection system and eliminates the opportunity for the user to see the projector beam. The risk of projector theft, which is problematic for some school districts, is reduced by integrating projectors with an interactive whiteboard.
Some manufacturers have provided integrated systems in which whiteboards, short projection projection systems and audio systems are all combined into one adjustable unit at different heights and allowing children and those using wheelchairs to access all areas of the board. Reducing installation costs makes this short-range projection system cost-effective.
Calibration
In many cases, the touch surface must be calibrated in advance with the display image. This process involves displaying a series of dots or cross marks on the touch surface and asking the user to select these points with their stylus or finger. This process is called alignment, calibration, or orientation. Fixed installation with projectors and boards bolted to roofs and walls greatly reduces or eliminates the need to calibrate.
Multiple interactive whiteboards can automatically detect projected images during different calibration types. The technology was developed by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Inc. and disclosed in patent 7,001,023. The computer projects Gray Code sequences on white and black bars on the touch surface and light sensitive sensors behind the touch surface detect light passing through the touch surface. This sequence allows the computer to align the touch surface with the screen; However, it has the disadvantage of having small fiber-sized "spots" on the resistive touch surface where the light sensor is present. The "dead point" is so small that touch in that area is still presented to the computer properly.
Another system involves having a light sensor built into the projector and facing the screen. When the projector produces a calibration image (a process called "training"), it detects the reflected light changes from the black border and the white surface. In this way it can uniquely calculate all linear matrix transformation coefficients.
Other systems, however, include cameras built into a handheld pen, with an invisible human target injected into the image stream sent to the projector or screen, containing positioning information, where the camera detects the information and calculates the appropriate position, without requiring equal calibration once. Such technologies and systems are integrated into the penfolio, and further disclosed in patent 8,217,997
Related equipment
A variety of accessories are available for interactive whiteboards:
- Mobile stand - Allows interactive whiteboards to be moved between rooms. Many also can be adjusted height.
- Personal Response System - Allows students to answer exam questions posted on the board or take part in polls and surveys.
- Printer - Allows a copy of chalkboard notes to be created.
- Remote control - Allows the presenter to control the board from different parts of the room and remove the toolbar on the screen.
- Slate or tablet - Allows students to control the whiteboard from the front of the room.
- Track - Allows the whiteboard to be placed on a traditional whiteboard or skateboard to provide additional wall space at the front of the room. Some tracks provide power and data to the whiteboard as well.
- Video projector - Allows the computer display to be projected onto the whiteboard. The 'Short Throw' projector is available from several manufacturers mounted directly above the board minimizing the shadow effect. The 'Ultra Short Throw' projector is even more effective.
- Wireless unit - Allows the interactive whiteboard to operate wirelessly to a computer, e.g. Bluetooth.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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